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第181章 吐蕃的衰弱(1 / 2)

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838年,吐蕃末代赞普朗达玛即位,被吐蕃人称为“生性残忍”的他,在吐蕃开启了最极端的灭佛运动,而朗达玛的灭佛,最终让极端分子拉隆·贝吉多杰将他杀害,朗达玛之死,直接导致了吐蕃的分裂。

朗达玛去世后,他的两个儿子分别就被人拥立,这导致了吐蕃分裂成为了两派力量,这两派力量是吐蕃内乱的开始,自此军阀割据,大量的百姓被宗教煽动得造反,久而久之,吐蕃分裂为了四大王系:

拉萨王系、亚泽王系、阿里王系、雅隆觉阿王系。

吐蕃与外部世界的各种博弈关系,影响着吐蕃内部赞普与贵族群体之间的力量均衡变迁,在精神秩序的层面上反映为普世佛教与多神苯教之间的命运变迁。开始于松赞干布的佛教“前弘期”,在其身后曾几经波折。

在赞普能够引入外部资源使均衡偏向自己时,佛教会处在相对优势地位,比如赤德祖赞与大唐形成和议,大唐派出金城公主和亲,佛教一时力量大盛。

而赤德祖赞去世,其子赤松德赞幼年继位,朝政被贵族把持,遂开始了一场“灭佛运动”。

到赤松德赞成年之后,吐蕃在西域力量大盛,力量均衡又转回到赞普一边,他压制了贵族,并推动了又一次大兴佛教的运动。

792年,赤松德赞还主持了一场“顿悟派”的汉传佛教与“渐悟派”的印度佛教的大辩论,并裁定印度佛教胜利。

这一场胜利意味深远,它预示着数百年后高原与草原在精神层面上形成新联合的可能性。

赤松德赞之子赤德松赞在位期间,累年对外征服获得大量财富,帝国内部的力量均衡继续朝向赞普一边偏移。

赤德松赞遂对官制进行改革,在政府中原有的众相之上设置僧相一级,力图用与赞普结盟的僧侣官员来实现集权,压制苯教贵族所掌控的众相。

下一任赞普赤祖德赞,规定每七户庶民供养一位僧人,并将僧寺附近的土地民庶划作寺产,不向政府纳税,贵族众相所主导的政府进一步被赞普从财政上架空。

高度崇佛的背后,隐含着赞普不断集权的努力;

吐蕃的政治成熟度倘能继续向前发展的话,从逻辑上说,佛教在未来会被赞普做建制化改造,僧侣官员则会在此过程中逐渐转化为赞普的官僚系统。

但这种逻辑并未获得机会展开,因为一方面,对于贵族的压制会带来贵族的强烈反弹,赤祖德赞因此而被刺杀,上台的新赞普朗达玛在苯教贵族支持下开始大规模灭佛。

另一方面,也是更根本的,集权政治所需的政治成熟度远大于分权的贵族制,其财政需求也远高于贵族制,反过来也就意味着,集权政治的脆弱度在其初期同样也远大于贵族制;

除非有稳定且较大规模的财政支撑,否则集权政治的努力不可能成功。

由于雪域严酷的地理特性,治理成本过于高昂,吐蕃的政治成熟度无法内生地发展到能够真正支撑起集权政治的程度,赞普的财政是非常脆弱的。

赤德松赞和赤祖德赞的努力,已是吐蕃内生的政治秩序所能达到的极限,这是各种历史机缘的耦合才能达到的高度,一旦这些耦合被打破,则其内生政治秩序也就走到历史终点了。

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