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第62章 八股文(2 / 2)

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冯建轻轻摊了一下手,脑海中回忆着关于明朝八股的知识,接着讲述道:

“明代八股文的形态呈现出极强的开放性和流动性。”

“它既接受来自官方政策或国家意识形态的影响,也接受来自社会文化、尤其是士风文风的影响,对于后者的敏感性甚至要远远超过前者。”

“而人们更为经常地提及的“八股文”,则不过是四书文的俗称而已。”

“在明朝的中后期,因为前人写的太多,许多主考官看着没一点新义,底下的风气快速转变。”

“唐宋古文法度的引入是最早的,但被再次写烂了之后。”

“下面的士人又开始寻求通变之道,士人或引心学、禅学入八股。

“或讲求格法的巧妙变幻,或引俗字方言入八股,或走上复古主义宗法秦汉的道路,不一而足。”

“在隆庆、万历时期的八股文坛,“心学入八股”流行于前,“俗语入八股”“机法”“凌驾”等文风盛行于后。”

“至天启、崇祯年间,“诸子入八股”又形成一股大规模潮流。”

“崇祯四年辛未科黜落了大量根柢程朱且谨守成化、弘治、正德、嘉靖时期法则的八股文,而弋获了大量不轨于义理的“纵横充斥”之文。”

“可以说,在明朝的时候,只要你敢写,什么都可以引入八股文里!纵横之文都可以写进去,你们可以想想!”

在座的众人这下也知道了明朝时期的八股文,其实就是四书文而已,并不是后来固定化模式化的八股文。

但乍一听到竟然还可以把纵横之文写进去,都有些懵。

不轨于义理,这五个字,已经很说明问题了!

“给八股真正套上一层层枷锁的,是后来的清朝!”

“清初倡导归本经史,逐步提倡“清真雅正”。”

“入关第二年的顺治二年“定文有正体。凡篇内字句,务典雅纯粹。不许故摭一家言,饰为宏博”。”

本小章还未完,请点击下一页继续阅读后面精彩内容!“顺治九年又规定:“其有剽窃异端邪说,矜奇立异者,不得取录。”这些措施,使“诸子入八股”的潮流最终消弭。”

“康熙初年的《科场条例》又强调不能决裂本题、不遵传注、引用异教、影合时事、摭入俚言谐语、有过五百五十字者,小束大结不分明者,等等。”

“至乾隆年间,爱新觉罗·弘历是一个“乾纲独揽”,执意掌控科场动向的皇帝,导致了一系列新戒律的出现。”

“爱新觉罗·弘历规定首场三艺的虚字统一规范,比如承题,首艺用“夫”字,次艺用“盖”字,第三篇用“甚矣”。”

“破题、起讲所用虚字也有明确限定,一层层地为八股文写作套上了枷锁。”

说到最后,冯建眨了眨眼睛,脑海里忽然想起了一个人。

“康有为你们知道吧?他曾经说过:科举立法过严,不准士子读三代以后之书,不准士子读四书五经之外的其书籍;结果是诸生荒弃群经、谢绝学问。”

“这就是说的清朝的科举!”

“如果真的是明朝开始阉割,开始真正的八股文,那“心学”,是怎么诞生的?”

众人听到这最后一句话,都面面相觑,不知道该怎么回答了。

......

PS:以上许多资料来源于作者搜集到的一篇资料,梁启超的《戊戌政变记》:经义取士,始于王安石,而明初定为八股体式,奠其体曰代孔孟之言,严其格曰清真雅正,禁不得用秦汉以后之书,不得言秦汉以后之事…

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