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第406章 客死化乡,魂归故里(2 / 2)

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宣德八年(1433年)三月二十日,王景弘率领七下西洋船队从古里返航回国。海上航行十七日,船队四月六日到达苏门答剌,略作休整,四月二十日到达满剌加。船队在此停泊二十多天,为官厂修建重栅山城,盖造仓库,加固排栅城垣。五月中旬船队从满剌加启航,满剌加国王偕妻子和部属驾船随宝船一起来华进贡。

宣德八年六月二十一日(1433年7月7日),第七次下西洋船队圆满完成出访任务回到太仓刘家港。

此时,离船队从南京出发初抵刘家港,时间已经过去了两年半。两年半的海上奔波四处出访,祖国时时刻刻在心中,但是,船队的主帅郑和却永远长眠在异国他乡,再也不能回到祖国的怀抱!

这次船队出访的西洋国家和地区主要有忽鲁谟斯、锡兰山、古里、满剌加、柯枝、卜剌哇、木骨都束、南浡里、苏门答剌、剌撒、溜山、阿鲁、甘巴里、阿丹、竹步、加异勒等二十多个国家。古里、柯枝、阿丹、锡兰、祖法尔、甘巴里、加异勒、忽鲁谟斯等国使节随船队一起来到中国朝贡访问。

终止远航西洋郑和病逝后,明朝大规模的远洋航海事业失去了最重要的领导者,庞大的船队也失去了主帅,加上朝廷再也没有足够的经济和军事实力来负担下西洋的庞大开销,所以七下西洋的船队回国后,明王朝再也没有组织大规模的远洋航行。虽然此后王景弘有过一次出洋,但仅至苏门答剌便回国。

浩浩荡荡的大明船队在南海、阿拉伯海、印度洋之间频繁往来的盛况彻底消失,郑和七次下西洋成为中国人大规模远洋航海活动的绝响。

后人们只能通过《三宝太监西洋记通俗演义》等通俗作品来想象船队在海上绵延几十里的壮观场景,来缅怀郑和七下西洋的壮举勋业!

郑和船队七下西洋使中国航海事业达到鼎盛。自第四次下西洋始,中国船队便把航程扩展至波斯湾、红海以至非洲东海岸,但此后远洋航海没有继续沿非洲海岸向南拓展,以致丧失了发现通向大西洋的航线和发现美洲新大陆的机会。

此后,明朝廷不但终止了大规模远洋航海的活动,而且停止新造出海大船,实行更加严厉的海禁政策,致使中国的航海事业由盛而衰。

明政府终止大规模远洋航海活动的原因是多方面的,既有政治原因,也有经济原因,既有内部原因,也有外部原因。总而言之,在内忧外患情况下,明王朝已无力也无心继续拓展郑和开创的远洋航海事业。

从政治上看,郑和下西洋是为执行明成祖“宣德化而柔远人”的外交政策,并非像后来的欧洲大航海那样是为了资本的原始积累,可以说政治目的大于经济目的。

永乐帝朱棣是一个富于雄心壮志的皇帝,为了巩固其政权,实现其政治抱负,所以全力支持郑和的下西洋活动。但这种局面也蕴藏着巨大的危险,即航海事业的兴废完全取决于皇帝的个人意志,有了这种支持,就可以获得举国之力的配合,而一旦失去这种支持,远航活动就难以为继。

明中叶后,朝廷统治日趋保守,宦官专权,皇室及官场贪污腐败,国力日益衰落,一蹶不振,大规模的远洋航海失去了必要的政治基础。政治的腐败导致各种社会危机日益突出,海防政策逐渐变化,海军力量也逐渐衰落,这就决定了郑和下西洋的辉煌只是昙花一现!

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