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额外说一句,用阴阳五行(金木水火土)来解读世界,在今天看来颇为可笑,但在当时恐怕是最合理,最“科学”的解释了。直到2000年后的今天,仍然有人说某某心火太旺、肾水不足……可见它影响力,深远得可怕。

独尊儒术能够成功,最最关键的举措是建学校。核心的逻辑是:只有从学校毕业才能到政府当官,而学校里只教儒学。学校解决了培养后备人才的问题,而只教儒学,则使其他学说失去了发展的土壤。可以说,儒学抓住了历史机遇!

当然,独尊儒术的实现,并不是一蹴而就的。从汉武帝起,经过了大约100年,到汉元帝后,满朝官员几乎全是儒家学校的毕业生,独尊儒术才算真正落到了实处。

在当时,能进学校是一件非常、非常“奢侈”的事。蔡伦发明“便宜”的纸是东汉以后的事,要真正得以流行,还要很长的时间。西汉就只能用竹简、木简,或者更贵的丝帛来写字,普通人家根本无法承受。因此进学校、受教育是一个极少数人才能玩的“游戏”。这群能读得起书、玩得起“游戏”的人,垄断了政府当官的资格,成为新的贵族,也就是“读书人贵族”。

当时选拔官员是采用察举制,也就是推荐。理论上,这个制度的确能选出优秀人才,没什么问题。但时间一长,就慢慢变味了。读书人越来越多,这个一年一次的推荐机会,就太珍贵了。于是,官员们大多只推荐“自己人”,如学生、朋友、亲戚等等。于是,许多州郡的推荐名额,就被少数几个大家族给垄断了。这些大家族被称为士族。

士族世代在中央政府任高官,是“读书人贵族”中的贵族。而其他读书人,很难得到推荐机会,被称为庶族或寒族。寒族从学校毕业后,要么是给官员当僚属,要么隐居起来做研究,要么结成团伙(党人)、评论朝廷(清议)、做点出格的事,引起注意,以博取被推荐的机会。

也就是说,同样是读书人贵族,又分成了士族、寒族两个阶层。士族、寒族虽然一起在学校学习,却有着不同的命运。随着东汉末年学校大幅“扩招”,寒族的人数越来越多,这种不公平的矛盾就越发凸显。

再看看儒学本身的发展。秦始皇焚书坑儒,毁掉了一些民间书籍,再加上战乱,尤其是项羽攻破咸阳后,一把大火把皇家收藏的书籍全烧了。这使得到西汉时,许多书只能靠老儒生背下来,因此难免残缺不全,互相矛盾。

因此必须要重新解读这些儒家经典。这带来一个好处,就是在重新解读时,比较容易融入新思想。比如,董仲舒就在儒学中融入了阴阳五行的“新”思想。这种用新思想来重新解读“旧”经典的学问,称为今文经学。

今文经学要在旧东西上融入新思想,难免牵强附会,这是一大缺陷。但优点也很明显,就是能与时俱进,不断变化。因此今文经学是非常关注现世问题,是支持改革的。

可是作为一个学问,既牵强附会,又时常变化,就不得不让人质疑了。

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