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第4章 权利义务(1 / 2)

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回顾中国古代历史,历朝历代的开国之君,都会定下一些五花八门的祖制或祖训,其性质,与宪法确有异曲同工之处!

比如,汉高祖刘邦,他定下的祖制是异姓不封王;还有明太祖朱元璋,他告诫要求后世子孙,永不立相!清康熙皇帝,虽不是开国之君,却是满清入主中原,一统天下后的首任君主,他也定下了一条祖制,便是永不加赋!

这些所谓的祖制,与宪法的立法精神,多少沾了点边,却没有那么全面!与之相比,刘纬定下的“祖制”,可就全面多了,不过,为什么这套宪法,要称为“宪法大纲”呢?

刘纬在穿越以前,不过是个大一新生,学的是历史,不是法律,他对宪法知道个大概,却未必能够面面俱到!因此,大汉王朝的第一部宪法,以大纲称之,是为了今后通过实践,加以补充和修改,获得全民认可,再最终定稿!

换言之,《钦定宪法大纲》有试行的性质,刘纬在这个问题上,显得十分谨慎,也怕有所疏漏和错误,给当代和后世,造成一些不必要的麻烦和混乱!

那么,这套《钦定宪法大纲》究竟有哪些内容呢?细则,我们就不详细转述了,概括说来,包含了三个内容,即皇帝的权利与义务、议会、丞相的权利与义务,以及公民的权利与义务!

第一部分,事关君主!宪法大纲规定,大汉王朝之皇统,永世不易,皇帝神圣,不容侵犯,否则,以叛国罪论处!这个规定,似乎是在巩固皇权,可实际上呢,却是为了维护国家稳定!

试想一下,如果后世总有阴谋作祟之徒,垂涎皇位,必欲取而代之,国家不就乱套了么?只有彻底断绝这些家伙的念想,令其想要掌握权力,必须走正规途径,去竞选丞相,而不是阴谋造反作乱,国家和社会才能更加稳定!

另外,宪法大纲规定,皇帝拥有军权,为大汉王朝三军总司令,参谋本部,向皇帝负责,为皇帝执掌军权、调动军队以及发动战争的执行机构!

当然,那么多军队,皇帝自己是养不起的,他也是按照宪法规定每年领工资维持基本开销,那么军费从何而来?来自于国库!宪法大纲规定,军费开销计划,要交议会表决审核通过,再由丞相及兵部酌情拨发!

皇帝拥有军权,是刘纬三权分立精神的精髓所在,他深知,在我们这片神奇的东方土地上,要是让丞相拥有了军权,不出乱子才怪!而皇帝虽然不管政务,却掌握军权,要是出现奸臣作乱,祸国殃民,他至少有底气拨乱反正,及时纠弹!

但是,这么做也有隐患!假如后世出现一位皇帝,仗着手里有兵,罢免民选丞相,解散议会,搞独裁怎么办?军费开支,便是对他的制约,你是皇帝又怎么样?发不出军饷,士兵们吃不饱饭,照样指挥不动!

同时,这么做,也能避免后世出现那种穷兵黩武,连年发动战争的狂人皇帝,以免给广大民众带来深重灾难!有议会和内阁的制约,皇帝要想胡来,得好好思忖一下!

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