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第192章 北朝双璧与龙门二十品(1 / 2)

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六四:童牛之牿,元吉。

小牛角上的横木,非常吉利。

小牛角上为什么要绑一根横木?因为初生牛犊性子野,喜欢撒开蹄子四处跑,有时候跑得快了刹不住车,又分不清轻重,一不小心撞到人就很危险。绑一根横木,把小牛的角尖给藏起来,就会安全许多。

同理,刚刚从原始社会走出来的鲜卑族,也需要用文明来收拢其野蛮心性。就像滔滔黄河,一旦泛滥成灾,后果不堪设想,只有将河水驯服在河床中,让其沿着河道滚滚东流入海,才能真正泽被天下,造福中原百姓。

在民族融合的进程中,北魏文化开放出灿烂的花朵。其时,北魏都城洛阳集中了全国的文化精英,促使汉文化在中原复兴。其风云汇聚之状,即便南朝士族也不禁感慨“衣冠士族,并在中原”。北魏英才云集,俊彦齐聚,在文学、艺术领域取得了不亚于南朝的成就。而在文艺领域之外,又有贾思勰着《齐民要术》,郦道元着《水经注》,杨炫之着《洛阳伽蓝记》,其盛名之着,影响之大,几乎盖压南朝。

贾思勰是青州益都(今山东省寿光市)人,曾官至高阳郡(今山东临淄境内)太守。他对农业生产有着近乎痴迷的爱好,每到一地必认真研究当地的农耕技术。约从公元533年北魏年间开始,他开始创作划时代的农业科技巨着《齐民要术》。

这是中国最早的农书,书中建立了比较完整的农学体系,总结了农、林、牧、副、渔各业的经验、技术和规律。全书内容起自耕农,终于醋酸,它将农耕视为齐民之手段,将农副食品加工视为齐民之目的。故除各种种养殖技术及兽医处方外,还有酒、醋、酱、糖稀等制作过程及食品保存方法,甚至还专章介绍了酱、腌、蒸、煮、煎、炸、烩、熘等二十多种烹饪方法以及食品、菜品三百余种。

难怪达尔文赞叹其为“中国古代百科全书”。《齐民要术》的出现,反映了当时中国农业科技水平的世界领先地位,对后世农业技术发展产生了极为深远的影响。

郦道元(约470年-527年)是范阳涿县(今河北涿州)人,被誉为中世纪时代世界上最伟大的地理学家,终生仕于北魏,历任至御史中尉。

他创作的地理学着作《水经注》,是我国第一部全面系统综合性的地理着述,开创了古代写实地理学的先河,在世界地理学史上占有极其重要的地位,为中国的水文地理研究提供了丰富的文史资料。该书也是一部文采独具的山水游记,全书共描述一千二百五十二条河流及有关人文遗迹、历史典故和神话传说等,还收录了不少碑刻文字和渔歌民谣,文笔绚烂,语言生动,具有很高的文学价值。

孝文帝迁都洛阳后,在国内建造寺庙三万余所,入籍僧尼二百余万,魏都洛阳之佛寺更是甲于天下。后因北魏末期纷争,洛阳寺院纷纷毁于兵火,北平(今河北定州市)人杨衒之感物兴怀,创作了《洛阳伽蓝记》。所谓伽蓝,意为僧院,为佛寺之统称。

《洛阳伽蓝记》既是一部佛教着述,也是一部文学着作。该书最终成书于公元547年东魏时期,全书分城内、城东、城西、城南、城北五卷,历数北魏时期洛阳城寺院的缘起变迁、建制规模及其名人轶事、奇谈异闻。其文近骈俪,简明清丽,具有很高的文学价值,历来与《水经注》一起被称为北朝文学双璧。

北魏佛教之盛,由云冈、龙门、莫高、麦积山四大石窟可见一斑。而洛阳佛教之盛,则在龙门石窟。

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