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花子赵一 二十(1 / 2)

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满族民歌内容丰富,较之汉族民歌,多了一些渔、猎、牧劳动和八旗兵出征及思念亲人内容歌曲。其歌词语言通俗、活泼,其旋律质朴、简明。农村中的满族民歌这一特征更为明显。满族日常生活中离不开歌唱,活泼动情的小唱几乎涉及到满族整个人生礼俗,唱出了他们的愿望和心声。自降生听《悠摇车》,稍大一些学唱《小板凳》、《河河沿》,童年的《抓嘎拉哈歌》,少年的放牧山歌,青年的情歌、结婚的喜歌,出征的战歌,围猎的猎歌,以及丰收喜庆,岁时节日,祝福贺寿,凯旋庆功,悲欢离合都有歌,其音乐风格多彩多姿,但基调豪放,朗爽,即使表现哀婉情绪的音乐,也不失其刚健强劲的内质。

清中叶以后,旗人中出现了一种新的鼓词,只有唱词,没有说白,配合鼓板三弦演唱,名为“清音子弟书”,在北京和沈阳等城市流传很广,为一般市民阶层所喜爱。鹤侣和韩小窗所着子弟书《借靴》、《侍卫叹》等,流传最广。还有一种民间“八角鼓”唱腔和鼓词,直到清末还普遍流传。

古代满族爱好歌舞,多由狩猎、战斗的活动演化而来。入关后,舞蹈必选身体强壮的人,穿豹皮唱满族歌,伴以箫鼓,称作“喜起舞”,或舞者一半人扮成虎、豹等兽,一半人骑假马追射,称作“隆庆舞”。喜庆宴会时,主客男女轮番起舞,举一袖于额,反一袖于背,盘旋进退,一人唱歌,大家呼“空齐”相和。进入辽沈以后,更多的吸收了其他民族的歌舞形式。在宫廷乐舞中,备有满、蒙、汉,朝等族的舞蹈。

满族剪纸

满族喜欢贴窗花。用各种彩纸剪成各种鸟兽花卉,古今人物,贴在窗户上,栩栩如生,充满活力。还有另外一种剪纸艺术,就是挂笺,或称挂钱。过春节时,家家户户用五色彩纸,剪成长约40厘米,宽约25厘米不等的纸块,中间髅刻云纹字画,如丰、寿、福字,下端剪成犬牙穗头,悬挂于门窗横额、室内大梁等处,五彩缤纷,喜气洋洋。最早挂笺是祭祖场所的装饰品,一般都是单数。传闻自家宗族祖先是从长白山几道沟来的就挂几张。黑龙江宁安、海伦,吉林东辽等地的剪纸艺术在全国艺坛上享有盛誉。

满族民间工艺。或称“钉线”,主要流行于东北地区农村。以家织布和棉线为原料剪缝而成,黑白色为主调,间用他色。纹饰以榴开百子、吉庆有余、葫芦盘长、福寿长春、八宝等吉祥图案为主,多配以较粗重的黑色边饰,常绣于枕顶、荷包、幔帐、坐垫之上。

满族民间刺绣源于民间印花布,印花布来源于民间剪纸。在很早以前,满族多用油纸镂版刮浆、豆粉合石灰漏染白布,使白布成为蓝底白色图案的“麻花布”,作包袱皮、头巾、门帘、被面、围裙、幔帐、帽腰等。“麻花布”的图案精美,构思巧妙,大多有圆形或棱形的图案。布的质量粗厚,多用手工纺织的“家织布”,非常耐用。近年来,这种仿“麻花布”的衣服又在市场上出现,只是花、图案更加精美罢了。

受苏绣的影响,在满族中逐渐形成具有北方特色的满族刺绣。满族刺绣多用于枕头面、幔帐、门帘、围肩、袖头、衣襟、鞋帮、兜肚、手帕、香荷包等日常生活用品。满族女孩自幼就学刺绣、描画,自画,自绣。过去闺女出嫁,婆家不仅看姑娘的家风、人品,还要看是否有一手好的针线活,特别是炕上的针线活。

满族民间刺绣实用性很强,在日常生活用品和服饰上到处可见,而且在这些绣品上的图样多有明显的吉祥含义。像枕头面上图案有飞禽走兽、花草鱼虫、人物故事、各样花边等等。桃象征长寿,荷花表示纯洁。满族民间刺绣不仅在日常生活用品上到处可见,就连老年人去世时穿的“寿鞋”也在鞋帮上绣上一朵玫瑰花,鞋底绣一副“梯子”,意思是上天堂,不受罪。

满族民间刺绣品具有强烈的民族、地域特色,造型夸张、粗犷、拙朴,色彩艳丽,冷暖对比强烈,构图细腻、温和、善良,具有朴实的情感和吉祥如意的情调。

清太祖爱新觉罗·努尔哈赤(1559年2月21日-1626年9月30日),清王朝的奠基者,通满语和汉语,喜读《三国演义》。二十五岁时起兵统一女真各部,平定中国关东部,明神宗万历四十四年,建立后金,割据辽东,建元天命。萨尔浒之役后,迁都沈阳。之后席卷辽东,攻下明朝在辽七十余城。

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