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花子赵一 十八(1 / 2)

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满族早期丧葬习俗的主要特点之一,是人死后实行火葬而并非土葬。形成这一习俗的原因,虽有可能受佛教及周边蒙古等族的影响,但最重要的还是取决于本民族的生产和生活状况。满族人的先世以狩猎为主要生活来源,通常要走到很远的地方去寻找猎物,有时一次狩猎就要几天或十几天。在这一过程中,难免有人因疾病或意外事故而丧生,而同伴很难将尸体携带回家,因此火葬就成了最简便的办法之一。其具体作法是,如果人是死在距家很远的地方,由同行者将死者发辫剪下,将尸体焚化后,拣一两块骨头与发辫共同装在一个皮口袋里,带回交给死者亲属。直至清朝入关后很长时间,八旗兵士外出作战中阵亡仍是采用这种火葬的习俗。清初的三位皇帝——努尔哈赤、黄太极、福临(顺治)死后,也都是将尸体焚化,再把骨灰放入容器中安葬于陵寝。

康熙以后,受汉族文化影响,满族逐渐改从土葬之俗,但在丧葬祭奠仪式方面仍然保留着本民族的一些传统作法,其旧式葬礼主要有以下几个步骤:

1、小殓:即从人咽气到入棺前的仪节。临终前要为其穿寿衣鞋帽(均按本民族装束),衣裤层数用单不用双。人气绝后将其移至室内灵床上停放。灵床顺炕沿平行方向搭设,高矮依死者年岁而定,但最高不得超过炕沿。尸体一般是头西脚东仰卧,床下放一盏灯和一只公鸡,意为给死者“领路”。同时要将西墙供的祖宗龛取下或用红布遮挡,以免“煞气”冲撞神灵。丧家要在大门外竖竿挂红幡以为标志,幡之长短依死者年岁而别,男置门左、女置门右,早挂晚收,日祭三次。亲友们也自本日起前往吊唁,至亲还要陪死者家属“守夜”,料理丧事。

2、大殓及出殡:大殓即是将死者放入棺材。满族棺材与汉族不同,上盖是类似屋顶的两面坡起脊式,棺内除褥子外还要铺柴草,属于火葬习俗的遗存。抬尸体入棺时不能走屋门,只可从窗户抬出,死者长子抬头部一端,其他子女抬脚一端。尸体安放棺内并钉好棺盖后,要在棺前摆放供桌祭品,死者长子跪于棺侧,向前来吊唁的亲友磕头致谢。至出殡之日(民间一般是死后三天或七天),凌晨送殡队伍即出发,前有死者长子打红幡,随后是灵柩及送殡亲友,至墓地安葬后烧纸。如死者年岁较高,送殡者将红幡撕条带回家钉在孩子的衣服上,取“借寿”之意。

3、服丧和祭奠:长辈去世,儿女晚辈要穿孝袍或系孝带子,均用白布制做。服丧期间(旧时是一百天)男不剃头、女不戴花,也不能穿鲜艳的衣服,女子的首饰只能用银质的、而不用金或其它花色。这一期间也不能举办和参与婚事和其他喜庆娱乐活动。祭奠死者的日子是其去世后逢七之日(至七七止)和百日、周年等。早期祭奠时要将死者生前所用的衣物、弓箭等实物分别焚烧,入关后逐渐改用纸制品代替。此外,逢清明节、七月十五、十月初一、除夕等固定的祭日,还有插佛朵(用树枝上糊彩纸条)、烧包袱等祭祀,至今在东北一些地区的农村仍可见到。

礼仪忌讳

满族尊老敬上,居家对父母三天请一小安,五天请一大安。满族人忌害乌鸦、喜鹊、狗,有并于崇鸦、鹊、狗的习俗。不准打狗、杀狗,不吃狗肉,不穿用狗皮。服孝中男子不剃发,女不簪花,三年内不穿红。

室内禁忌

满族将西墙作为供奉祖先的神圣部位,不准在此挂衣物,张贴年画;西炕俗称“佛爷炕”,供有“祖宗板子”。忌讳人们尤其是女人随便坐卧。通常客人也不得在西炕休息,更不许将狗皮帽子或鞭子放在这里。不许从锅灶、火塘的三脚架上越过,不能用脚蹬踏或者随便坐在锅灶上或火塘边;不准在锅灶口或塘上烤脚、袜子、鞋靴;禁止将吃剩下的食物、骨头、鱼刺等扔进锅灶或火塘里。

人体禁忌

满族忌讳婴儿头未睡成扁形,特别是女孩,如果枕骨部位没有睡扁,会被视为“丑姑娘”。

禁杀狗

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