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福州疍民忌人从船前经过,认为这可能是溺水而亡的浮尸(称为“水马“),但一旦遇上浮尸则必须打捞上来,以免鬼魂作祟。对于溺水者,疍民禁忌直接施救,常有三沉三浮之后再救的习惯。由于行船生活的缘故,忌说“退“、“横“等字。忌见反复之物,比如锅盆不能翻覆、吃鱼不能翻面。此外还忌食鱼眼,并在船头刻画鱼目以保佑避免触礁。

福州疍民渔歌是流传于福州疍民中的民间音乐形式,主要有“盘歌“和“唱贺年歌“两种形式,歌词都使用福州话。盘歌为男女问答形式的对唱,歌词为演唱者的即兴发挥;贺年歌则是农历新年时疍民向陆地上的福州居民讨粿时所唱的歌曲。历史上,福州疍民渔歌既有采用闽剧的曲调,也对福州族群的民间歌谣曲艺产生过一定影响,但目前正面临着濒危的困境。它已被列入福州市非物质文化遗产名录和福建省非物质文化遗产名录。

位于闽江南岸的泛船浦天主堂是福州天主教疍民主要的敬拜场所之一早期,福州疍民多信奉融合了道教的福建本土宗教,其崇拜的神只包括了闽越王无诸、蛇神、蛙神、龙神,还信仰或崇拜妈祖、拿公、白马王、螺女、五灵公、临水夫人、陈文龙、戚奶和各种地头神等本地神只或历史人物。由于疍民常年行船的缘故,妈祖在疍民的信仰中占有重要地位,并随着疍民的迁徙而兴盛于闽江上游的内陆地区。福州疍民还将白马王传播到了马祖列岛,将拿公传播到了琉球。另外也有部分疍民信仰佛教。

福州疍民信奉天主教最早可追溯到17世纪,时为明末清初,天主教开始在福州活跃,成立教区。自19世纪中叶起,欧美天主教传教士将福州疍民作为重要宣教对象,还为传教而学习福州话。天主教会通过保教权庇护在传统社会中备受歧视的疍民教徒,帮助信教的疍民上岸居住、免受欺凌,并开办教会学校向疍民普及教育,使得天主教在疍民中的影响不断扩大,教徒人数骤增。清末福州开埠后,来榕的新教传教士发现相当部分的福州疍民已皈依天主教,此后直到中华人民共和国建立初期,疍民中天主教徒的比例一直在提高,迁徙到闽北的福州疍民中也有一半的人信奉天主教。到了20世纪末和21世纪初,天主教在疍民中的传播又一次呈现增长。今日,疍民及疍民后裔也构成了福州天主教信徒的一大主体。

“游艇子“是古籍上对福州疍民最早的称谓,也泛指东南沿海的其他疍民,见于《北史》和北宋淳熙年间的《三山志》。唐宋时期对疍民较为普遍的称呼是“白水郎“,或称“白水仙“、“白水人“,《三山志》里就有记载。“疍“即南方的夷人,与“蜒“、“疍“、“蛋“等字通假,这种指代最早见于隋代,南宋以来被普遍用来称呼疍民。

“曲蹄“是专用于福州疍民乃至整个闽东地区疍民的矮化称谓,来自于闽东语。在清代闽县旧志中,有关于福州话“曲蹄“(平话字:Kuóh-dà?)称谓来源的记载:“……俗呼曲蹄,以处舟中,其脚常弯曲不舒故。“即认为疍民弯曲的腿部使陆地上的福州人贬称其为“曲蹄“。根据燕京大学吴高梓的调查,该词的由来有几种可能:

“曲蹄“二字可能来自福州疍民的睡姿“曲蹄“。

福州俗字也写作“科题“,疑为“裸蹄“而来。

福州疍民的姓氏有几十种,很多都是明清时被汉化后所取的,比较常见的姓氏很可能与水或水上生活有关,最典型的包括江、唐、翁、欧、卞、池、浦等,“翁“姓可能取自“渔翁“的职业,“欧“则取自“鸥鸟“,“池“、“浦“、“江“、“海“等姓则取自疍民的生活地点。

姓氏分布上,福州市区的疍民多姓唐、赖、江、翁、詹等,闽侯沿江的疍民姓氏多为欧、卞、池、江、郭等,长乐一带的则以陈、江、翁、倪、林为多,罗源沿海的主要有林、欧、江、郑、连、陈、翁、刘、卞、唐等姓氏。

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