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此外,义和团还有“红灯照““蓝灯照““黑灯照“(寡妇组成)花灯照(妓女组成)等妇女组织。

义和团内部又可分为官团,私团与假团。

所谓官团是指接受清廷的招抚,向清政府挂号,接受清廷官员的统率,领取其粮饷。官团得到清政府的承认,听从其调遣。承认官团是清廷控制义和团的手段。

私团则大多系团民自发组织,带有很大的独立性。自行设坛或从事“灭洋“斗争。

假团则有其复杂性,一般说来,义和团是一个几乎人人可以加入的松散的组织,但实际上,有很多义和团组织被清政府以“伪团“,“假团“的名义镇压。“假团“分两种情况,一是不服从清政府的统治并对其构成威胁,因而被消灭,是其镇压和消灭义和团的借口。二是部分不良分子甚至教民假扮义和团横行不法,前者如“素不安分之徒,或投坛附和,或仿效装束,鱼肉良善。“(《天津一月记》)后者如“奉教者皆扮成假义和拳会,各处寻仇杀人,北京西城尤多“(《义和团运动史料丛编》),“直北一带,天主教民往往效拳匪服色,四出行劫。有被获者,自称义和团,则地方官即释之。“(《庚子记事》)

本小章还未完,请点击下一页继续阅读后面精彩内容!义和团有自己的一套纪律,既有官方颁发的十条团规,也有自己独特的规定,如“毋贪财、毋好色、毋违父母命、毋犯朝廷法,杀洋人、灭赃官,行于市必俯首,不可左右顾,遇同道则合十“等。这些戒规在初期得到了较好的遵守,当时有人的记载就说明了这个问题:“看其连日由各处所来团民不下数万,多似乡愚务农之人,既无为首之人调遣,又无锋利器械;且是自备资斧,所食不过小米饭玉米面而已。既不图名,又不为利,奋不顾身,置性命于战场,不约而同,万众一心;况只仇杀洋人与奉教之人,并不伤害良民;以此而论,似是仗义“(《庚子记事》),有时义和团甚至担负起维持治安的责任,如“刻有聂军门所统之武卫军兵多人,皆持器械,向各处抢夺。经匪首曹福田拿获二十余人,皆杀死。“(《天津拳匪变乱纪事》)。义和团运动后期,由于成员日益复杂,出现了许多违法乱纪的现象,但连后来的清政府上谕也不得不承认“……涞涿拳匪既焚堂毁路,亟派直隶练军弹压。乃该军所至,漫无纪律,戕虐良民,而拳匪专持仇教之说,不扰乡里,以致百姓皆畏兵而爱匪,匪势由此大炽,匪党亦愈聚愈多“。

①治外法权凌驾中国法律

19世纪末,西方传教士被准许在中国传教和成立教会。在治外法权之下,不单教会的西方神职人员不受清政府管辖,一般中国信徒也常获教会庇护。地方上,基督教教会每每因为文化、风俗差异等等各种原因,与地方民众发生冲突。部分不良教民欺压当地民众,而地方政府却往往因为惧于教会的治外法权,不欲与洋人作对而未能持公处理,造成教案。

②仇外心态

清末华北地方经济破产,传统社会纲纪解体;在转变的时代,人心惶惶,各式秘密会社纷起。总之,教会、教众和洋人、洋货,成为了仇视的对象。

③谣言

当时社会有许多诋毁西方人的谣言,如说洋人医院挖小孩眼睛制迷药、神父用特制器具吸男童阳精等等,而一般中国百姓一向迷信这类传言,从而人人自危,对西方人及中国教友恨之入骨。

④守旧势力煽动

教会除了传教之外也兴医办学、提倡破除陋习(如缠足纳妾)、传播新思想(如宪政、民主),与维新运动一样不可避免会引起守旧势力的仇恨。

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