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第181章 萧瑟风雨(1 / 2)

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回首向来萧瑟处,归去,也无风雨也无晴。

历史留下来的东西经过沉淀,可以说都是精华部分,为了研究前人的智慧,张晓辰不得不投入更大的精力在这上面。有那么一段时间,和唐小雨的交流也变得越来越少,张晓辰隐约感觉用到这些东西的时候马上就要到了,加上他现在还有很多事情要做,先不说地球上这乱七八糟的状态,火星上还有如来佛祖等着他们接回来。

又一天早上,张晓辰随便吃了点东西,做完每天的例行修炼后就开始起学习来。

他慢慢了解到先秦到汉初,子学兴盛。

汉武帝以后,随着儒家地位的上升,统一的封建思想的建立,百家争鸣的时代已经结束,诸子开始走向衰微。在诸子开始衰落的同时,道教开始兴盛起来。儒家思想一直得到官方扶持,其尊崇位置不变;道家作为儒家思想的重要补充,始终不曾泯灭。

武帝元朔五年以后,虽建藏书之策,置写书之官,然诸子传说,皆深藏于秘府,而未布诸民间。成帝河平三年,光禄大夫刘向校中秘书(即经、传、诸子、诗赋),谒者陈农使求遗书于天下。

此之求书,即秦始皇“收去《诗》、《书》、百家语以愚百姓”之意。自此次搜求后,诸子传记充牣中秘,郡国绝少传书。故河平、阳朔之间,东平思王宇来朝,上书求诸子及太史公书。大将军王凤白:“诸子书或反经术,非圣人,或明鬼神、信怪物。太史公书,有战国纵横权谲之谋。汉兴之初,谋臣奇策,天官灾异,地形厄塞,皆不宜在诸侯王。不可予。天子如凤言,遂不与。”

正如罗焌在《诸子学述》所说,汉时诸子之书,藏在秘府,非其亲近,不能与目。有欲学者,求之则不得,借之则不与。是又变私学为官学,仍袭秦政愚民之故智耳。子学之衰,谓非当日君主专制之弊,吾不信也。诸子之初兴也,因周末之王纲解纽;其废坠也,因秦制之以吏为师。自余诸因,皆缘此二因而起。故九流百家之学,直至近世,始有复兴之机。

司马氏说:“我们认为,余嘉锡的说法比较切合古书实情,持论平实公允。”所以司马氏接着说:先秦两汉的古书,往往在父传子、师传弟的过程中逐渐定型,尽管定型时把祖师或某一代宗师称为该书的撰人,但是作为贯穿了祖师“家法”的一家之学,实际上是后先相承的父子师弟的集体着作。

司马氏说:“先秦诸子的着述,一般都由后人编辑而成,编辑者把跟着述者有关的史事编进书中,就像后世所编的文集附有作者的引传、行状、碑志一样。”

20世纪是简帛文献的大发现时期,大批汉晋木简、简帛佚籍大量出土。“简帛古籍书的发现,不仅是数量的补充、品种的补充、文本年代的提前、个别字句的修改,更重要的是,他使我们对古籍,特别是年代最早的古籍的本来面目,开始有了直接的感受。

当那时的人们可以亲眼看到古代书籍的本来面目,有关那时书籍制度的种种疑难,通过实物获得解决。也可以从中归纳很多一般性的原理,对古籍的创作、古籍的构成、古籍的阅读、古籍的解释、古籍的选取和淘汰、古籍的传播和保存,开始有了比较深入的理解。”

李学勤归纳了十种在简帛古籍对勘中值得注意的情况:佚失无存、名存实亡、后人增广、后人修改、经过重编、合编成卷、篇章单行、异本并存、改换文字。

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