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第五百六十三章 慎重,上行下效(1 / 2)

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杨综顿了顿又开口道:“前朝西汉孝武皇帝之时的确发行过金、银钱币,但没几年就又被废弃了,在先秦之时的楚国也有使用银币、甚至是虞夏之时便有金、银币流通,但这样的金、银币都流通的时间不长,丞相若是要重新铺开金、银币,那还是得慎重、再慎重啊!”

曹爽思索片刻道:“初伯啊,卿说的这些吾都知道,但推行金、银币流通是势在必行的,这样吧,就先从朝廷大小官员的俸禄发放和我大魏将士们日常的俸禄发放开始吧,上行下效,想必也能少一些阻力。”

古代的银子作为货币主要有三种形式,一种是银布币,这算是中国最早的银币了,形状像一把铲子。

一种是银币,类似于现在的硬币,与古代的铜钱相似,一般是圆形的,有时候中间有孔,有时候中间没有孔。另一种是银锭,其形状像马蹄,也像元宝,也叫马蹄银和银元宝。

《史记平准书》:虞夏之币,金为三品,或黄,或白,或赤;或钱,或布,或刀,或龟贝。及至秦,中一国之币为等,黄金以溢名,为上币;铜钱识曰半两,重如其文,为下币。而珠玉、龟贝、银锡之属为器饰宝藏,不为币。

这话的意思是说:虞、夏时期的货币,金有三种,或者黄(金)、或者白(银)、或者赤(铜);此外或者用钱,或者用布,或者用刀,或者用龟贝。到秦朝时,一国货币分为二等:黄金以溢为单位,是上等货币;铜钱上的文识为“半两”,重量与文识相同,是下等货币。而珠玉、龟贝、银锡之类只作为器物的装饰、作为宝藏,不作货币使用。

司马迁的这段话说明了华夏人很早就开始使用金、银、铜等金属材料,但是夏朝时期并没有用白银作为货币,只是作为装饰品,中国古代最早的银币应该出现在春秋时期,这是一种特殊的银币,被称为银布币,使用时间在春秋中期到晚期,是楚国使用的货币。

银布币也叫铲币,是一种长方铲形的货币,其形状类似于古代一种叫布的家具,布币的名称也因此而来,春秋时期,有刀币、布币、蚁鼻钱等货币,一般用铜质材料居多,用银作为货币材料比较少,况且各国的货币都不相同,即使流通也是小范围地流通,并不为人所熟知,也无法知道这些银布币的价值。

秦国统一天下后,也对货币进行了统一,秦朝的上等货币是金币,下等货币是铜币,一般不用银币,这也同司马迁在《史记》中记载的一样,由于金币过于昂贵,民间流通一般是用铜币,在秦朝时被称为秦半两,是一种圆形铜币,中间有一方孔,这种铜币的形状也一直为后世朝代流传。

始皇统一中国之后,为了统一全国的货币制度,明确规定不能将白银作为流通货币。到了汉武帝元狩四年(公元前119年),武帝采纳了酷吏张汤铸造白金币的建议,使用银锡合金铸造而成一批白金币,史称“白金三品”。在《史记·平淮书》、《汉书·食货志》均有关于“白金三品”的记载:“于是天子与公卿议......是时禁苑有白鹿而少府多银锡”、“又造银锡为白金。以为天用莫如龙,地用莫如马,人用莫如龟。”可见所谓的白金三品指的是三种分别印有龙纹、马纹和龟纹的白金币。

银币作为第一次作为国家的法定流通货币是在汉朝,汉武帝时期,打通了西域,开通了丝绸之路,与国外的通商贸易越来越频繁,除了以物换物之外,也迫切需要一种币值更大的货币,汉朝的货币延续了秦朝的货币,也是金币与铜币,还增加了一种五铢钱铜币,为了对外通商方便,汉武帝时期发行了三种银币,分别是:圆形龙币、方形马币、椭圆形龟币。

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