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以下资料,来自于网络公开资料,觉得非常符合相生相克,共生制衡,所以搬迁过来一部分,供大家鉴赏。

标题——从共生到寄生:金合欢与蚂蚁的相爱相杀

中科院中国科普博览

中科院中国科普博览

中国科普博览官方账号

出品:科普中国

制作:行走的植物人

监制:中国科学院计算机网络信息中心

对于树木来说,在非洲草原中生活并不算轻松。在这片稀树草原里,有许多大型的食草动物,为数不多的树木很容易成为它们的捕食目标。

非洲象就对树木拥有毁灭性的破坏力,用长而有力的鼻子使劲一卷、一拉——一棵树便被拦腰斩断,然后一顿美味的“树木沙拉”就“出锅啦!即便是面对荆棘刺防御,大象粗糙的皮肤可以不顾金合欢的刺。

再比如,无论树有多高,枝有多密,长颈鹿那细长的脖子与灵巧的舌头也能让它在高大的树的枝杈间舔来舔去,无孔不入。

不过,有一种稀树草原的树木却很好地抵御住了这些草食动物的日常袭击,在它们的口齿之间留存了下来,它们就是非洲的镰荚金合欢(Vachellia drepanolobium)。

蚂蚁的“房东”——镰荚金合欢

镰荚金合欢林是稀树草原中一道靓丽的风景线,起风时,甚至能听到它们发出的整齐的呜呜声,以至于当地人都给了它“哨子树”的名号。

这些哨子声来自于它们的长刺,镰荚金合欢的每一小节枝上都成双成对地长满了刺。

它们的刺分为两种,一种刺基部膨大,能给蚂蚁提供巢穴。蚂蚁在刺开始膨大之前会咬穿它,并入住进去,形成一个个孔道。这些特化的球茎样的刺直径能长达6厘米,风声穿过时会发出呜呜声,听上去就像树在“吹”哨子。

从共生到寄生:金合欢与蚂蚁的相爱相杀

镰荚金合欢在膨大的刺中形成的虫穴(图片来源:Pixels)

一种基部不膨大,是镰荚金合欢的防御工具。密不透风的长刺让动物们无从下嘴,树叶则在其中得到保护,逃过了动物的牙齿。

从共生到寄生:金合欢与蚂蚁的相爱相杀

镰荚金合欢的两种刺(图片来源:参考文献1)

但光有刺似乎并不足以让它们防范长颈鹿的灵巧舌头。

所以,镰荚金合欢又“放出”了秘密武器:和蚂蚁“合作”!镰荚金合欢给蚂蚁提供巢穴和食物,蚂蚁在树上觅食时也是给树巡逻,遇到草食动物的唇齿时,聚集起来干扰它们,合伙将它们逼退。

而镰荚金合欢强大的防御力就来自于与之共生的“蚂蚁军团”。蚂蚁与树形成有趣的共生体,只要有动物来啃食树木,那都是在拆它们共同的家。因此蚂蚁会全力地守护金合欢不被攻击,统一战线,就算是大象来觅食,它们粗糙不怕刺的皮肤也挡不住无数蚂蚁钻入敏感的长鼻内发动的集群攻击。

从共生到寄生:金合欢与蚂蚁的相爱相杀

镰荚金合欢中的蚂蚁可以击退长颈鹿(图片来源:Pixels)

蚂蚁大军之中也有“内讧”

镰荚金合欢是当地四种蚂蚁争相占领的家,有三种蚂蚁(Crematogaster mimosae,Tetraponera penzigi,Crematogaster nigriceps)都选择与它共生,它们之间相互竞争,为霸占镰荚金合欢这个家而打斗。

有趣的是,在这场争斗中,科学家发现,一种打架谁都打不赢的“战五渣”蚂蚁(Crematogaster nigriceps)反而牢牢地占据上风,掌握着树的“居住权”。这是为什么?

从共生到寄生:金合欢与蚂蚁的相爱相杀

镰荚金合欢上三种共生的蚂蚁(图片来源:参考文献2)

蚂蚁让树变得又矮又胖

科学家们发现,虽然这种蚂蚁不擅长干架,但仿佛很会帮金合欢“保持体型”:被它们占领的镰荚金合欢虽然在不停地分枝,但它们既长不高也长不宽,彷佛被施了魔法,只能变得又矮又胖。

从共生到寄生:金合欢与蚂蚁的相爱相杀

左边为被蚂蚁Crematogaster nigriceps占据的树,变得矮胖(图片来源:参考文献3)

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