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第三章 改革漕运——裴休(1 / 1)

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裴休,字公美,河内济源人,祖籍河东闻喜,唐朝中晚期名相、书法家,浙东观察使裴肃次子。出身河东裴氏东眷房,登进士第,历官兵部侍郎、同平章事、宣武节度使、荆南节度使等职,曾主持改革漕运及茶税等积弊,颇有政绩,晚年官至吏部尚书,加太子少师,封河东县子。去世时年七十四,追赠太尉。

裴休,出身河东裴氏东眷房,为浙东观察使裴肃的次子,为人正直,有坚定的操守。童年时,与兄弟一同在济源的别馆学习,裴休常年不出馆门,早上讲解经籍,晚上学习诗赋。由乡贡入京登进士第,又中贤良方正、能直言极谏科第三等,其后曾担任数个藩镇的僚属,入朝历任监察御史、右补阙、史馆修撰。

唐文宗与宰相宋申锡密议诛除宦官,此事却被神策中尉王守澄及其党郑注得知。郑注令神策都虞候豆卢着诬告宋申锡谋立文宗之弟、漳王李凑,文宗信以为真,大为恼怒,召集宰相等人商议,时任补阙的裴休与右散骑常侍崔玄亮等人都乞求文宗重新和宰相商议,并由相关部门来调查。最终使宋申锡免死,仅被贬为开州司马。

自大和年间以来,每年运江淮米不过四十万斛,沿途吏卒侵盗,以及沉没,运达渭仓的还不到二十万斛。漕吏徇私现象严重,唐代中期时,刘晏改革所立的漕运法已经被毁殆尽,裴休被任命为盐铁转运使。在总结刘晏之成功经验与王播之失败经验的基础上,不以漕运额作为激励指标,他更加注重对漕运官吏的工作积极性的调动,他采取三个措施治理漕吏:

一、对漕运僚佐与州县官吏的责任进行明确划分,通过不同的漕运执法责任实现对不同类型漕吏的激励;二、将每年的漕运佣金全部划归吏民,这也解决了吏民最为关注的“利”的问题;三、将此次的改革方案具体化,立漕法十条,以法制的方式将能动激励措施固定为漕运法的激励内容。

裴休的措施准确抓住了漕吏徇私的激励失灵动因,获得较好的制度效果,其在任三年,每年顺利转漕租粟至渭仓一百二十万斛,“无合升沉弃”。

裴休累官户部侍郎,充任诸道盐铁转运使,各藩镇设置邸阁储存茶叶待价出售,以此获利。而对商人的其他货物,则额外强征赋税,严重损害客商、行人的利益。裴休根据时势,建议:“允许各镇储茶,但不可擅自对商人收税。”又建议将开发“山泽宝冶”的权力也收归盐铁使所有,颇有政绩,又转为兵部侍郎兼御史大夫,仍领盐铁使之职。奉命守礼部尚书,进阶金紫,至少在此前,裴休已获封河东县开国子。

裴休升任同中书门下平章事,仍领盐铁使,关于“时政记”的修撰,他建议将所有奏事对问宰相,以达到记事精详,并无遗漏,进而使史官得以“直书”的目的,此事得宣宗允准。其后累调为中书侍郎,裴休为相共五年。

唐宣宗命裴休畅所欲言,对政事提出建议,裴休请求宣宗尽早立太子,宣宗说:“如果立皇太子,那朕就将成为闲人了。”裴休因此不敢再提此事。二月,裴休称病请辞,宣宗不许。裴休罢相,带同平章事衔出任检校户部尚书、汴州刺史、御史大夫、宣武军节度使,进阶金紫光禄大夫、上柱国,以守太子少保之职分司东都。裴休被起任为检校户部尚书、潞州大都督府长史、御史大夫,充任昭义节度、潞磁邢洺观察使,再加检校吏部尚书,转任太原尹、北都留守、河东节度观察等使。

以原职调任凤翔尹、凤翔陇右节度使,后任检校尚书右仆射兼江陵尹、御史大夫,充任荆南节度观察处置等使。入朝担任户部尚书,累官至吏部尚书、太子少师。裴休逝世,享年七十四岁,追赠太尉。

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