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第一章 《颜氏家训》——颜之推(1 / 1)

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颜之推,字介,生于江陵,祖籍琅邪临沂,文学家、教育家。年少时因不喜虚谈,而自己研习《仪礼》《左传》,由于博览群书且为文辞情并茂,而得到南朝梁湘东王萧绎赏识,十九岁便被任为国左常侍。后于侯景之乱中险遭杀害,得王则相救而幸免于难,乱平后奉命校书,在西魏攻陷江陵时被俘,遣送西魏,受李显庆赏识而得以到弘农掌管李远的书翰。得知陈霸先废梁敬帝而自立后留居北齐并再次出仕,历二十年,官至黄门侍郎。北齐灭后被北周征为御史上士,北周被取代后仕隋,被召为学士,后因病去世。

颜之推生于江陵,其家世代钻讨《周官》《左传》,颜之推自幼承袭家学,能诵《鲁灵光殿赋》。颜之推的父亲颜勰去世,颜之推自此受兄长颜之仪教养。湘东王萧绎在江州亲自讲授《庄子》《老子》,十二岁的颜之推乘机做了他的门徒,博览群书,无不详备,词情典丽,极得西府的称颂。

侯景之乱爆发,叛军攻陷台城,梁武帝萧衍在囚禁中忧愤而死,太子萧纲即位。萧绎拜颜之推为右常侍,加镇西墨曹参军。颜之推喜好饮酒,不拘礼法,不修边幅,因此时论颇有非议。萧绎在江陵起兵讨伐侯景,派世子萧方诸出镇郢州,颜之推被任为中抚军外兵参军,掌管记。侯景攻陷郢州,颜之推被虏,侯景多次想杀死他,得行台郎中王则相救而幸免于难,后囚送建康。侯景叛军被击败,颜之推在被释放后从建康归还江陵,萧绎在江陵被拥立为帝,回到江陵时,颜之推被封为散骑侍郎,奏舍人事,奉命校书。

西魏攻陷江陵,梁元帝萧绎被俘后遇害,颜之推再次被俘,遣送西魏,西魏大将军李显庆看中了他,推荐他到弘农,令掌管其兄阳平公李远的书翰。黄河水暴涨,颜之推有意南归,想从北齐借道返回江南故地,于是备船携妻带子归服北齐,途中经历了砥柱的险阻,时人称赞他勇敢果断。高洋见到他后很是喜欢,马上拜他做奉朝请,引入内馆之中,侍从左右,颇受重视。次年,陈霸先废梁敬帝萧方智自立,颜之推因得到此消息而留居北齐,并再次出仕。

颜之推侍从高洋入天池,将被委任为中书舍人时,高洋令中书郎段孝信带出敕书给他看,他在营外喝酒,段孝信将实情向帝作了报告,高洋说:“暂且停止此任命。”于是此事就搁置了下来。

北齐后主高纬,因好文艺而调颜之推至京都,颜之推聪颖机敏,博识有才辩,长于尺牍,应对迅速,大受祖珽推重,祖珽令他掌理馆事,判署文书。左仆射祖珽采纳颜之推建议,而奏立文林馆,又奏撰《修文殿御览》,颜之推除司徒录事参军,与李德林同主持文林馆事,并主编《修文殿御览》,不久即迁通直散骑常侍,不久又领中书舍人。

高纬时有索取,常令中使传旨,之推禀承上意,馆中之人均受指挥,上奏的文章,都是他亲自封署,在进贤门进献,得报后才归。加之他会写文章,检校缮写,办事勤敏,很是称职,高纬十分宠幸他,恩赐甚重,故为勋要贵戚嫉恨,时常要加害于他。崔季舒等准备进谏,颜之推请假回家,所以谏书上没有他的签名,高纬召集谏人,颜之推也被传唤进宫,查谏书上没有名字,因此免祸,不久拜黄门侍郎,故称“颜黄门”。

北周兵陷晋阳,高纬轻骑回邺,情况紧急,无计可施,颜之推便借宦官侍中邓长颙之口献奔陈之策,并劝告高纬招募吴士七千人作为侍从,取青、徐路一同投奔陈国。高纬采纳了这个建议,并告诉了丞相高阿那肱等人。高阿那肱不愿往陈,说吴士不可信任,勿需招募他们,又劝高纬送珍宝家口往青州,据守三齐之地,如不能保,则慢慢地浮海南渡。高纬虽然没有按颜之推计策行事,但还是委任他做了平原太守,并让他镇守黄河的渡口。同年,北周攻灭北齐,颜之推第三次被俘,后被遣送到长安。

北周灭亡,隋朝建立,颜之推的儿子颜思鲁生下颜师古。颜之推上言,请依梁国旧事,考订雅乐,隋文帝杨坚不听从。杨坚立子杨勇为太子,之后,颜之推被太子杨勇召为学士,甚见礼重。

在文学创作上,颜之推着述颇丰,他所创作的《颜氏家训》,是中国历史上第一部体系宏大且内容丰富的家训,开“家训”之先河。

在教育方法上,颜之推主张把爱护子女和教育子女结合起来,重视父母对子女的榜样示范作用。在教育思想上,颜之推提倡终身学习,既强调重视儿童的早期教育,又提出直到当代仍有较强指导意义的晚学的思想。

在学习内容上,颜之推反对士大夫饱食终日、轻视技艺、不学无术的做法,提倡“实学”,主张封建知识分子要接触社会实际生活,学习经世致用的知识,学习农业生产知识。

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