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第51章 风扇车(2 / 2)

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以下来自百度百科介绍:

扇车即风扇车,古代中国劳动人民发明的用于清除谷物中的颖壳、灰糠及瘪粒等的一种农具。是一种能产生风 (或气流)的机械,也叫“飏(扬)扇”、“扬谷器”、扇车或扬车。发明于汉代,由人力驱动,用于清选粮食。

这章没有结束,请点击下一页继续阅读!公元前2世纪, 中国人就发明了旋转式扬谷扇车。扇车是现代农业机械普及以前在农村“机械化”程度最高的农具。扇车实质上是一架手动鼓风机, 它的作用是将碾压过的谷类作物的籽粒和杂余分开, 使粮食变得纯净。

风扇车又名风车,飏扇、扬谷器或扬车,用途:清选粮食,清选稻谷。农具风车在农村有多重要?从历史、结构、功能和意义,了解一下。

公元前一世纪,西汉时中国已有扬去谷物中的秕糠用的风车(扇车)。欧洲约一千四百年后才有类似的风车。 扇车主要用于清除谷物颗粒中的糠秕,由车架、外壳、风扇、喂料斗及调节门等构成。工作时将粮食放进上边的喂料斗,手摇风扇,喂料斗下边就有风吹过,开启调节门,谷物在重力作用下会缓缓落下,密度小的谷壳及轻杂物被风力吹出机外,而密度大饱满的谷物直接流出在下边出料口。这样,就把糠秕与谷物分开。

风扇车的组成是在一个轮轴上安装若干扇叶,转动轮轴就可产生强气流。西汉时长安有名的机械师丁缓发明了“七轮扇”,是在一个轮轴上装有7个扇轮,转动轮轴则7个扇轮都旋转鼓风。《武经总要前集》中绘有一个以轴上曲柄转动的风扇车。王祯《农书》所绘的风扇车,轮轴上亦装曲柄连杆,以脚踏连杆使轮轴转动。以上所述,都是开放式风扇车,它们没有特设的风道,因此,风扇产生的风是向四面流动的。

宋应星《天工开物》中则绘有了闭合式的风扇车,从中可见,在装有轮轴、扇叶板和曲柄摇手的右边,是一个特制的圆形风腔,曲柄摇手的周围圆形空洞,就是进风口,左边有长方形风道,来自漏斗的稻谷通过斗阀穿过风道,饱满结实的谷粒落入出粮口,而糠粃杂物则沿风道随风一起飘出风口。

中国古代开放式扇车只有扇叶,没有封装外壳,采用立轴转动,有两种子类型。

一类是对开式扬(飏)扇,将两把扇子对称往复摆动清选粮食,仅得见于汉代文物。据统计,四川成都、双流、泸州、绵阳、德阳、宜宾,山东滕县,江苏徐州等地共出土了20余件手持扬扇的汉代陶俑或画像砖石,,部分曾被认为是铡刀、筛子或容器。

另一类开放式扇车是轮扇。将扇子组装成扇轮连续转动鼓风,是很容易办到的事情。

20世纪70年代以来,在河南、山东、山西等中原地带出土了多件由陶扇车和陶米碓组成的粮食加工作坊明器,时代为西汉末至东汉。

这些陶扇车都安装了卧轴式扇轮,可以连续转动,利用了扇轮转动惯量,节省人力;在轴两侧加装挡板,引导部分气流吹向粮食;轴部没有进风口,属于扇车的不成熟类型。七轮扇与半敞式扇车最早的证据都在西汉末,究竟哪个更早,不好定论。但那时扇车已经广泛使用,出现时间可能更早。

封闭式扇车是中国古代扇车的较先进类型,共同特征是轴部有进风口,扇轮柱面方向有效密闭。

第一种子类型的共同特征是采用方形箱体,第二类封闭式扇车的共同特征是采用筒形封装,木质结构,可以移动。

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