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德里达的哲学生涯是从批判胡塞尔的“自我”哲学开始的。胡塞尔认为,语言是意识的现象,语言符号和自然标记有着根本的区别,语言符号的意义在于表达意向。德里达说,胡塞尔“相信意义的一种前表达和前语言的层次,相信这种层次时所揭示的”,在现象学还原的意识内部,“表达是内在化过程”,意义是“灵魂的孤独生活”,或自我的“独白”。现象学的还原是这样的语言观:“这种内心独白还原的第一个好处,就是语言的形体活动在独白时确实是不在场的”,在场的只是无形体的符号,而作为有形的语言符号的词“只有在我们的注意力独独引向可感物,引向作为简单发音构成词的时候才称其为词”。就是说,表达意义的符号首先是声音(从“独白”到语音),文字只是重复记录语音的符号,“词的同一个就是理想性的重复,它是重复的理想可能性”。德里达从胡塞尔那里看到了西方哲学从柏拉图开始的一个传统——“语音中心主义”。按照这种观点,语言分为语音符号和文字符号,语音由心灵所激活而被赋予意义,而文字只是语音的无生命的、随意的、可有可无的替代物。

“语音中心主义”不仅是西方语言观,它还是“逻各斯中心主义”(logo-centrisme)的哲学传统。两者的联系在于这样一种先见:

语音的本质“在作为逻各斯的 ‘思想’中与 ‘意义’相关联,创造意义、接受意义、表示意义、收获意义”,“逻各斯”即语言的内在理性,也是人类和自然的理性,语音和文字的二元对立关系被哲学史演化为精神和物质、理性和感性、自为和自在、主体和客体、心灵和身体、内部和外部、本质和现象、真理和假象、自然与文化、逻辑和修辞等的二元对立。但对立的目的是统一,在上述对子中,前者总是处于优先的中心地位,后者是前者的补充和服用,处于边缘地位。

德里达认为,“逻各斯中心主义即表音文字(如,拼音文字)的形而上学......自苏格拉底到海德格尔,始终认定一般的真理源于逻各斯:真理的历史、真理的真理的历史......一直是文字的堕落以及文字在 ‘充分’言说之外的压抑”。哲学是逻各斯中心主义的思维方式,只适用于应用拼音文字的西方历史,当它“将自身强加于当今世界并且支配着同一种秩序时,基本上不过是最原始和最强烈的人种中心主义”。

德里达多次以中文为例打击“逻各斯中心主义”,如说“中文模式反而明显地打破了逻各斯中心主义”,西方哲学家的“汉语偏见”和“象形文字偏见”“导致了茫然无知”。中文与西方拼音文字的对立是两种不同思维方式的对立。德里达在2000年访华时说:“中国没有哲学,只有思想。”

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