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蒙古汗国时期

时间:公元1231年—公元1380年

成吉思汗于1219年率军西侵,先后征服了花剌子模、中亚细亚、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆等地,杀死花剌子模皇帝,掠夺大量财物后撤回蒙古本土。1229年成吉思汗的儿子窝阔台二次侵略花剌子模,杀死皇帝后返朝。1260年,成吉思汗之孙旭烈兀再次率兵占据波斯并建立以波斯为中心的伊利汗国。此后,蒙古人逐渐接受了伊斯兰教,并任用波斯人为行政官吏。

帖木儿帝国

时间:公元1380年—公元1405年

随着伊尔汗国的逐渐衰落,当时的波斯又陷入地方封建王朝割据之中。西察合台汗国(今乌兹别克境内)的突厥族皇帝帖木儿(1336年至1405年在位)在夺取中亚地区后于1380年至1393年征服波斯全境,继而侵占伊拉克,并攻打印度。1405年帖木儿死后,他的帝国迅速瓦解,统治范围只限于中亚河中地区和波斯东部,但15世纪帖木儿帝国的文化艺术相当繁荣。

黑羊王朝与白羊王朝

时间:公元1467—公元1502年

随着帖木儿王朝在波斯统治的衰落,两个由土克曼人建立的王朝开始强大,他们分别是黑羊王朝与白羊王朝,两个王朝发源于土耳其东部、阿塞拜疆以及波斯西北部地区。其中黑羊王朝在30、40年代实力较强,但随后被更为强大的白羊王朝击败,白羊王朝在乌宗·哈桑的带领下,一度统一了波斯的大部分地区。

萨菲王朝

时间:公元1501年—公元1722年

白羊王朝时期,一个名为萨菲社团的什叶派社团在波斯西北十分活跃,这个社团的成员多为土克曼人与阿塞拜疆人。他们的首领有着古波斯贵族的头衔,趁白羊王朝动乱之际于1502年推翻其统治,建立了萨法维帝国。此后国力逐步强大,极盛时版图包括阿富汗斯坦的坎大哈、赫拉特。萨法维帝国与奥斯曼帝国曾长期进行战争。萨法维帝国是伊朗历史上第一个以什叶派伊斯兰教为国教的朝代,对什叶派在波斯的发挥壮大起了重要作用。17世纪末,萨法维帝国日渐衰落。1722年,阿富汗人吉尔扎伊部落在马赫穆德的领导下,攻占萨法维帝国首都伊斯法汗,并自立为波斯皇帝。

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