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官方语言:阿拉伯语

国际电话区号:+962

货币:约旦第纳尔

国际域名缩写:.jo

时区:UTC+2

道路通行:靠右驾驶

政治体制:二元制君主立宪制

国家格言:zhenzhu,国家,君主

人类发展指数:0.770(中)

历史沿革

古约旦时期

至少在年前,约旦就有人类居住的痕迹。因为地处人类从非洲向外拓展的路径上,约旦境内有许多旧石器时代(距今约2万年前)的遗址。这个时期的人们在富饶湖岸留下他们使用工具的遗迹。考古学家在有年历史的纳图夫文化遗址发现世界上最古老的面包,该遗址位于现在约旦东北方的沙漠。

新石器时期(10,000-4,500 BC),人们从游猎采集转向发展农业。安曼东部的艾恩加扎尔(Ain Ghazal)是这个时期的史前聚落之一,人们在遗址中挖掘出数十个石膏制人像,它们是在公元前7250年制作的。

Teleilat el Ghassul 是铜石并用时代(4500-3600 BC)的聚落之一。

青铜时代(3600-1200 BC)早期,防御型城镇与市政中心开始在黎凡特南部出现。瓦迪费南(Wadi Feynan)成为大量采铜的据点。中东区域的贸易与人口流动来到高点。外约旦的村落大量在水源充沛与适合农业发展的区域出现。古埃及将黎凡特与约旦河两岸纳入领土。

铁器时期(1200-332 BC),在埃及人势力衰退后,外约旦由亚扪、摩押、以东三个王国接手。亚扪位于安曼高原上,摩押在死海以东的高地,以东在摩押和死海的南方。(见左图)他们使用闪族语,并被认为是部落王国而非国家。

在外约旦的这三个王国常和他们的邻国发生冲突。摩押王在公元前840年曾立了米沙石碑,石碑上他称赞自己于摩押国内的建设,并纪录了他战胜以色列人的功绩。这个石碑是考证圣经历史的重要佐证。大约公元前700年新亚述帝国控制黎凡特期间,王国受惠于叙利亚和阿拉伯之间的贸易。公元前627年,新巴比伦王国在亚述解体后接手其领土。王国们在597 BC的耶路撒冷之围中曾帮助巴比伦王国入侵犹大王国,却也在十年后反叛巴比伦。这些王国之后被并为附庸,在度过波斯帝国与亚历山大帝国的统治后,在约公元前63年,亚扪、摩押、以东被罗马并吞与同化。

古典时期

公元前332年,亚历山大大帝在征服波斯的过程中为中东地区带来希腊化。亚历山大于323 BC去世,他的领土被底下的将军们瓜分,外约旦最终成为托勒密王国和塞琉古帝国争夺的目标。

纳巴泰人在169 BC于以东的南部建立纳巴泰王国。纳巴泰王国控制了外约旦的贸易路线,并将势力沿着红海一路向南延伸到汉志沙漠,往北则到大马士革,甚至曾短暂统治过该城(85-71 BC)。佩特拉城是纳巴泰王国的首都,城内的卡兹尼神殿是纳巴泰王国在公元1世纪建造,用途可能是作为国王的陵寝。

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