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十一、住棚节(Sukkot)

犹太历Tishri月15日起的7天。此节日是为纪念犹太教先祖摩西带领犹太人出埃及后,流落西奈40年期间,住草棚的生活。家家户户搭草棚是节日期间的主要特征。期间,犹太人会在犹太会堂或家中手握枣椰树枝条、番石榴枝条、柳树枝条和香木橼果,向各方向摇动并祈祷。

十二、诵经节(Simhat Torah)

犹太历住棚节结束后的次日。犹太教徒诵读犹太经典"Torah",通常要一年时间,诵经节即为庆祝读完"Torah"而设,宗教气氛浓厚。这是欢乐愉快的节日,因此人们(主要是教徒)要唱歌、跳舞,吃甜食。庆祝仪式中,一个必不可少的项目是取下经卷,并拿在手中走七圈。

十三、光明节(也称点烛节)(Hanukah)

犹太历Kislev月25日起的8天。此节是为纪念马卡比抗击希腊侵略者的起义成功,犹太人重获自由而设的。此节共八天,主要庆祝仪式是每天点燃一支蜡烛。带有九个烛座的烛台是专门为此节而设制的。其中,中间较高的一支是为点燃其他八支而设。节日开始时,人们要吃一种特制的土豆饼,之后交换礼物。期间,人们还吃果酱甜甜圈等传统食物。

军事简介

概况

以色列的军队由一支统一的以色列国防军(IDF)组成,在历史上还没有其他的军事部门独立出现过,海军和空军都是由陆军管辖。也有其他一些准军事的部门负责不同层面的以色列国家安全(例如边界警察和内部安全局)。以色列国防军的前身是在英国管辖时期组织的地下军队(Haganah)。

以色列国防军是中东地区国防预算最高的军队之一,并且也被列为世界上训练最为精良的军队之一,在建国半个世纪以来参与了五场主要的大型战争和其他无数的小型冲突。在人员上,以色列国防军的主要优势是其人员训练的精良品质以及完善的制度,而不是人员的数量多寡。以色列国防军也大量依赖于高科技的武器系统,以色列国内也有一些专门替国防军生产和开发武器科技的机构或企业,其他的则进口自国外(大多来自美国)。

大多数以色列人(无论男女)都在18岁时被征召从军。有些移民也会自愿的加入以色列国防军。不过阿拉伯裔的公民则是例外,大多数阿拉伯公民都没有被征召,以避免在与其他阿拉伯国家开战时可能爆发的利益冲突。其他不需当兵的还包括残障人士、已婚妇女、或者出于宗教原因者。男性的义务役是三年、女性则是两年。以色列国防军里也有贝都因人等少数族群参与。自从1956年来,德鲁兹族群也和犹太人一样被以色列国防军征召从军。在宗教机构就学的人可以获得延缓征召。多数犹太正教人士会不停地延迟服役,直到超出法定服役年龄,这种做法在以色列引起相当大的争议。

虽然阿拉伯裔的公民不在征兵范围内,他们也可以自愿从军。同样的政策也套用在贝都因人和许多非犹太裔的公民上。

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