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冰奥地热资源丰富,温泉广布。渔业、水力和地热资源丰富,其他自然资源匮乏,石油等产品需要进口。可开发的年水力发电量为640亿度,地热能年发电量可达72亿度。

行政区划

区划

冰岛按不同的方式划分成地区、选区或者市镇。划分成八个地区的方式主要是用于统计目的。地区法院的管辖范围也使用这种划分方式的旧版本。2003年以前,冰岛议会的选区跟这些地区相同。但通过修订宪法后,改成了现在的六个选区:

雷克雅未克北部选区和雷克雅未克南部选区(都市地区)

西南选区(围绕雷克雅未克的四个不相连的郊区地区)

西北选区和东北选区(冰岛北半部分成两半)

南部选区(冰岛南半部,不包括雷克雅未克及其郊区)

选区的调整是为了平衡全国各地的选票权重,因为以前在人口稀少地区的选票会比雷克雅未克都市地区的选票有更大的权重。新的选区划分方式减少了这种不平衡,但并未完全取消。

冰岛还划分为74个市镇,这些市镇管理诸如学校、交通和土地使用规划等本地事务。市镇是冰岛实际上的二级行政区,因为选区除了在选举事务及统计目的之外没有相关用途。雷克雅未克是人口数量最多的市镇,大约是排名第二的科帕沃于尔的人口数量的四倍。

首都

【首 都】 雷克雅未克(Reykjavik),人口23.8万(2021年6月),1月平均气温1.4℃,7月平均气温11.7℃

雷克雅未克(Reykjavik)位于冰岛西部法赫萨湾东南角、塞尔蒂亚纳半岛北侧,全世界纬度最高的首都,是冰岛最大的港口城市,西面临海,北面和东面被高山环绕,受北大西洋暖流影响,气候温和,7月份平均温度11℃,1月份平均温度-1℃,年平均温度4.3℃。全市人口20.9万人(2014年)。雷克雅未克是冰岛主要政治、经济和文化中心。

国家象征

国名

冰岛之名的起源说法不同,有以下两种:

源于发现者的最初印象。公元4世纪,希腊地理学家皮菲依曾称它为“雾岛”。但由于海岛远离大陆,交通不便,很少有人光临。公元864年,斯堪的纳维亚航海家弗洛克踏上岛岸,此岛才真正被“发现”。后斯堪的纳维亚人、爱尔兰人、苏格兰人纷至沓来。当这些移民的船驶近南部海岸时,首先见到的是一座巨大冰川,即冰岛着名的瓦特纳冰川。人们对这个冰川留下了极深的印象,于是把该岛命名为“冰岛”。

源于殖民者的计谋。最初的殖民者在岛上定居以后,不希望别人再来分享自己的“口中食”,故名“冰岛”,以阻止人们闻风而来。

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