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4.捷克政府为了扭转过去过度依赖原经互会国家、特别是原苏联的状况,积极与世界各地区发展经贸关系。捷贸易政策的中心是“面向世界,开展多样化贸易,重点在欧洲”。自经济转轨开始以来,捷克逐渐完成了贸易的地区结构的转变,即从东方市场转向西方发达市场经济国家。对西方发达市场经济国家特别是欧盟国家的贸易已在捷克对外贸易总额中占有极大份额,2003年向欧盟出口占捷克当年出口总额的69.8%,从欧盟国家进口则占到捷克当年进口总额的59%。此外,经过多年的谈判和努力,捷克等十国已于2004年5月1日正式加入欧盟,在对外经贸政策方面,将执行欧盟的共同贸易政策,并成为欧盟统一市场的一部分。

外贸在捷克经济中占有重要位置,国内生产总值85%依靠出口实现。2020年,捷对外贸易总额为2862亿美元,其中捷方出口额为1501亿美元,进口额为1361亿美元。进口商品主要有:石油、天然气、计算机、轿车及配件、电信设备、机械设备、医药产品和器械、化工产品、铁矿石、载重汽车和家用电器等。出口商品主要有:轿车及配件、电力、钢材、机械设备、玻璃制品、木材、化工产品、轮胎、家具等。主要贸易对象为:德国、斯洛伐克、波兰、中国、意大利、法国、奥地利、英国和荷兰。

财政金融

据捷国家银行公布数据,截至2012年底,捷国家银行外汇储备为449亿美元。

外国资本

2011年,捷克实际吸引外资约23亿美元。1993-2011年,累计吸引外资1255亿美元。主要投资国为德国、荷兰、奥地利、英国、瑞士、美国。

文化艺术

综述

谈及捷克文化,必须提到捷克文学,因为这里诞生了卡夫卡、哈谢克、塞弗尔特、昆德拉等世界级文学巨匠。

捷克在20世纪曾有过两次文学艺术的繁荣,第一次繁荣是20世纪初捷克斯洛伐克共和国成立后,捷克出现了许多文学大家。比如人们熟知的雅洛斯拉夫·哈谢克(1883-1923)、弗拉迪斯拉夫·万楚拉(1891-1942)、卡·恰佩克(1890-1938),还有曾经获得诺贝尔文学奖的捷克诗人雅罗斯拉夫·塞弗尔特(1901-1986)。“这一批捷克文学家一下子将捷克文学提升到了欧洲文学的高度,可惜这个文学进程被第二次世界大战打断了。”

1938年,德、意、英、法四国首脑签订慕尼黑协定,命捷克斯洛伐克将苏台德地区割让给纳粹德国,之后捷克斯洛伐克又进入了被占领时期。“但即便在被占领时期,捷克亦有出色的作家和作品。”红色经典《绞刑架下的报告》作者尤利乌斯· 伏契克(1903-1943),还有恰佩克、万楚拉,“他们都被德国法西斯杀害了,但他们的作品还是让人们感受到了捷克文学的存在。

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