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国歌

(HinoNacionalBrasileilo)

巴西独立后的第一首国歌,是由佩德罗一世亲自创作的。在1822年9月7日宣告巴西独立的当天,创作了《啊祖国,啊皇帝,啊人民》的歌曲,并亲自在当晚圣保罗的爱国集会上演唱,由合唱队伴唱,这首歌成为巴西的第一首国歌。佩德罗一世退位后,里约热内卢国立音乐学院的创办者,着名音乐家弗朗西斯科·达席尔瓦谱写出一首后来成为巴西国歌的歌曲。1909年着名诗人奥里索·杜克·埃斯特拉达重新填词,经专家委员会审查,1922年被定为巴西国歌。国歌《听伊皮兰加的呼声》回顾了1822年9月7日佩德罗一世在圣保罗郊外伊皮兰加河畔发出“不独立,毋宁死!”呼声的情景,歌颂祖国获得了独立,充满着巴西人民对祖国的爱国的情感。

国花

毛蟹爪兰,是原产巴西、墨西哥热带雨林中的一种附生植物,是巴西国花。体色鲜绿,茎多分枝,常成簇而悬垂,一根枝条由若干节组成,每节呈倒卵形或长椭圆形,数节连贯,似蟹爪,因而得名。其根紧紧攀附在巨树高枝或悬崖峭壁上,不为风雨所动摇。它自1818年被人们发现以来,至今已在世界各国广泛栽培,经园艺家的选育,已培养出200多个优良品种。花期从头年10月到次年3月,花色有白、红、紫等,一株开花数朵,且无枝无叶,十分奇妙。毛蟹爪兰以其株形优美、花色艳丽。巴西曾经将此花馈赠中国,丰富了中国兰花珍品。

黄花风铃木(学名:Handroanthus chrysanthus (Jacq.) S.O.Grose)是紫葳科,风铃木属落叶乔木,高可达5米,树皮有深刻裂纹,小叶片对生,五叶轮生,卵状椭圆形,全叶被褐色细茸毛,先端尖,叶面粗糙;圆锥花序,顶生,花两性,萼筒管状,花冠金黄色,漏斗形,花缘皱曲,但为两侧对称花,甜香,子房二室,果实为蓇葖果,种子具翅;春季3-4月开花,先花后叶。

该种会随着四季变化而更换风貌的树。春天枝条叶疏,清明节前后会开漂亮的黄花;夏天长叶结果荚;秋天枝叶繁盛,一片绿油油的景象;冬天枯枝落叶,呈现出凄凉之美,这就是黄花风铃木在春、夏、秋、冬所展现出不同的独特风采。原产墨西哥、中美洲、南美洲,1997年前中国自南美巴拉圭引进栽种。

国鸟

棕腹鸫(学名:Turdus rufiventris)是小型鸣禽,嘴短健,上嘴前端有缺刻或小钩,善于鸣叫。常栖于栖息在森林及城市林地。亦见于平野、园圃、乔木上以及有时在垃圾堆和厕所附近觅食。有时会与其他鸟类混群觅食,是杂食性鸟类,主要吃果实及节肢动物,如昆虫、蚯蚓、种子和浆果。棕腹鸫是巴西东南部最为普通遍的鸟类之一。是巴西的国鸟。

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