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经济

概况

海地是拉丁美洲最贫穷的国家,经济以农业为主,严重依赖外援。2009年,海地加入加勒比经济共同体。基础设施建设滞后,投资环境较差。2010年,由于地震的严重破坏,经济负增长7%。2011年海政府以灾后重建为工作中心,积极开展国际合作,经济有所复苏。但由于灾后重建进展缓慢,加上政坛纷争不断,海经济增长未达到预期目标。2011年海国内生产总值69.62亿美元,同比增长5.6%。人均国内生产总值670美元,失业率75%。2012年海经济增长率约为4%。

农业

海地农村以山地为主,耕地缺乏,产量很低,但农业仍为海地主要经济部门,全国近2/3人口从事农业生产。由于基础设施薄弱,耕作技术落后,粮食不能自给,每年耗费2亿多美元外汇进口粮食。可耕地面积55.5万公顷,其中12.5万公顷为可灌溉地,但只有半数有灌溉系统,因此,农业发展的主要目标是扩展可灌溉地面积。此外,有少许种植园,约占可耕地面积10%,多由美国公司经营咖啡和波罗麻。由于人口压力,造成了由传统经济作物的生产,如咖啡、波罗麻、糖、可可等逐渐转向农作物的生产,如大米、玉米、高粱、小米和大豆。

2000年,海地由于长期大面积干旱和病虫害,农业出现负增长,约占国民生产总值的22.48%。

工业

海地工业基础十分薄弱。尽管政府大力鼓励外国和私人投资,但国内治安混乱,水电通讯等基础设施严重滞后使投资者望而却步。2000年工业产值增长率为1.74%,占国内生产总值的21.36%。其中制造业占7.5%,建筑业占13.9%。加工工业和房屋及公共工程均有不同程度的增长,但水电工业由于投资不足和油价上涨等原因而有所下降。

商业

海地的服务行业主要包括商业、餐饮业、旅游业和交通电讯业。2000年增长率为1.41%,占国内生产总值的45.4%。

海地旅游业收入是外汇主要来源之一。自1991年海地政变后,旅游人数大降,1988~1989年每年近15万人次,1992~1993年仅4万人次。政府在旅游业领域进行了改革,统计,99-00财政年度游客已超过15万人。1996年有标准客房843间,1999年减至493间。

对外贸易

海地主要出口咖啡、可可、芒果、香精油和加工制成品等产品,进口食品、燃油(成品油)、工业制成品、机械设备、运输设备和日用消费品等。主要贸易伙伴是美国和欧盟。2011年外贸额48.92亿美元,其中出口10.90亿美元,进口38.02亿美元,同比分别增长0.2%、33%和4%。

货币

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