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第150章 解剖练习(1 / 1)

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楚希桐在提出想要做解剖练习的第三天,白老跟她说从今天开始可以练习大体解剖了。

为了尽快进入学习状态,楚希桐在进入解剖室的之前用金针封住了自己的嗅觉,毕竟听说很多刚学医的受不了福尔马林的味道,还没开始实操就已经吐得不行了。

楚希桐就开始了人体解剖实操的练习,从切剥皮肤,解剖皮下血管、皮神经和剥除皮下脂肪,解剖淋巴结,解剖深筋膜,解剖肌,解剖深部血管、神经,到最后的解剖脏器。

实操了以后楚希桐才知道原来解剖实操的难度其实还真的不低啊!一一总结了注意事项:

1. 去皮 作皮肤切口时,为了防止切口偏斜,可先用刀背在皮肤上划一条痕迹,再沿痕迹切开。较长的切口用执弓式持刀法,短的切口则用执笔式持刀法。刀尖开始切入时,刀刃与皮肤成直角,刀尖切入筋膜(感觉抵抗突然降低)时,将刀刃倾斜,与皮面或45度角,用示指压住刀背切至末端,再将刀刃提起,与皮面成直角,最后将刀取出。皮肤切口要求边缘整齐,深浅均匀。用有齿镊子或皮钳夹住要翻去皮肤的一角,用刀将浅筋膜与皮肤分离。皮肤分离到一定范围时,可用左手拇指与食指紧提皮肤(因为解剖镊不能夹住大的皮肤)。刀刃在皮肤与浅筋膜连接处继续剥离时,刀刃要偏向皮肤一侧,尽量不让浅筋膜留在皮肤上,这样可以避免损坏浅筋膜中的皮神经和皮下血管等结构。

2. 浅层结构的修洁 在浅筋膜中有神经、血管和淋巴结等。在除去浅筋膜之前,首先找出其中的主要皮神经、血管和淋巴结。解剖浅层的神经和血管,可用顺行法和逆行法追踪修洁。顺行法:如找皮神经,先在其穿出深筋膜处找到小干,然后循此向末梢追踪。逆行法:先找到浅部神经的一个末梢小支,再由小到大,由浅入深地将整个分支追踪修洁。皮下小动脉和浅静脉的显露和修洁,同样可以采用顺行法或逆行法。在浅筋膜中找到淋巴结,用摄子提起,以刀尖或细尖镊循其辐射方向朝四周轻划剥离,可将部分输入和输出淋巴管显露清楚,然后用眼科剪将其修洁。找到以上结构后,即可除去浅筋膜。除去的方法是在浅筋膜上做一切口并提起,用刀将浅筋膜与深筋膜分开(刀刃偏向深筋膜),渐次移去浅筋膜,露出深筋膜。

3.肌、腱和韧带的修洁分离各块肌肉可用钝性分离解剖法。例如用刀柄、钝头镊或手指等伸入肌间隙并分开肌肉,修洁肌肉时,适当使肌肉紧张,用镊子提起肌表面的筋膜,刀刃划动的方向应与肌纤维的走向垂直,以免刀刃随结缔组织隔深入肌纤维之间而损伤肌纤维。腱和韧带要循纤维方向修洁,有些关节囊韧带,纤维走向的轮廓不够清楚,可用粗布顺纤维方向用力擦拭,把填充纤维间的结缔组织擦离,然后放入水中用弯头剪细心剪去飘浮的组织,即可看清纤维及其走向。腱纤维束解剖,可先用25%醋酸溶液浸泡24 h左右,使之膨胀软化,然后用镊子分离,可清楚显示腱纤维束的排列和走向。

4.深部血管和神经 四肢的深部血管、神经多位于肌的深面或肌与肌之间,它们多由结缔组织包绕形成血管神经束。解剖时应先用钝性分离法暴露血管神经束的表层,再用刀锋逐步修去包绕的结缔组织。血管和神经的修洁,可沿血管神经干的长轴运刀,由主干向末端进行。静脉较多的,为了使标本重要部分显示清楚,可去小留大。胸、腹腔内的血管位于胸、腹膜深面或胸、腹膜的皱褶部两层之间,修洁时撕去胸、腹膜后用镊子分离,再清除结缔组织。

5. 体内器官 体内实质性脏器解剖显露的重点区域是脏器的“门”,修洁时应注意仔细清除脂肪和结缔组织,保留出入“门”的各种管道及其相互位置关系。暴露实质性器官的内部结构时,一般从“门”的区域开始向深部解剖,或沿其内部主要管道的行程分离解剖。制作空腔性脏器标本,应注意选择中等充盈状态、外形比较典型的材料。

楚希桐在进行了为期一个月的反复练习解剖实操课后终于练到了下刀位置准确,出血量最少,楚希桐的妖孽接受能力再一次给了师兄师姐们降维打击,真真是会怀疑人生!

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