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第97章 楚国国君的离经叛道(2 / 2)

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这章没有结束,请点击下一页继续阅读!后来,楚庄王竟然敢问周朝宝鼎的轻重,行为实在猖狂之极。唐人周昙不愤此种行为,作了一首诗:

九牧金熔物像成,辞昏去乱祚休明。

兴王在德不在鼎,楚子何劳问重轻。

从楚国的发家史来看,楚国的兴盛恰恰源于国君的“离经叛道”。从中国中央集权的历史来看,如果国家要富强,必须有一位敢想敢干的国君。

从三皇五帝到春秋五霸再到战国七雄,国家的发展无不托福于国君的敢作敢为。反之,如果国君无能,国家必然衰微,楚怀王在位时期的楚国就是例子。

楚怀王没有遗传祖先离经叛道的虎狼特性,而是将所有温顺懦弱的缺点都聚集于一身。他不仅放了张仪,还答应连横依附秦国。

这时,三闾大夫屈原刚由齐国回国,听说楚怀王轻易释放张仪,他万分心痛。他火速求见楚怀王,劝说楚怀王杀掉张仪。屈原好言相劝,楚怀王翻然悔悟,命人缉拿张仪。然而,张仪已经逃离楚国。

屈原此次进谏可以说是冒杀头之罪,因为他早已被昏君楚怀王疏远。作为被疏远的臣子,屈原能够劝说楚怀王杀张仪,其忠心可见一斑。更令人敬佩的是屈原为了国家不顾个人安危敢于冒死进谏,爱楚国之心可想而知。

屈原与楚王同姓,名叫平,官拜左徒。作为王族,屈原很关注国家兴替存亡之道,在这方面有一定程度的研究。商鞅关注国家发展之道,张仪和苏秦等人关注国家称霸之道,屈原则关注国家兴替存亡之道。

《史记·屈原贾生列传》开篇就说屈原关注国家存亡,意在影射楚国有亡国之危。如果国君无能,不善保护社稷,国家必然面临危险。外有强国的谋臣,内有国内的奸臣,楚怀王的宝座就如一堆干柴。如果稍微燃起一点火星,必会葬身其中。

屈原熟悉外交,待人接物礼貌周到,辞藻表达更令他国使者折服,可称得上是楚国的金字招牌。楚怀王很倚重屈原,国内国际大事小事都交由屈原处理,甚至让屈原制定法令。

商鞅也曾制定法令,他能取得成功是因为后面有一个强悍的秦孝公支持。屈原没有商鞅幸运,因为楚怀王没有秦孝公的才干。制定法令是国家大事,上官大夫不甘心由屈原完全把控,为了自己的利益,上官大夫决定盗窃屈原的才华。所以在屈原草拟完政府法令后,上官大夫使阴谋诡计想占为己有。但行动的结果却一点都不理想。一计不成又生一计,他对楚怀王说,屈原自恃才华,在外不断张扬,说只有他能制定楚国的法令。

楚怀王也是个嫉妒贤能之人,听上官大夫如此说,嫉妒心大起,于是在心里修筑一道厚厚的屏障,渐渐疏远了屈原。

那个时候,诸侯国恰好刮起一阵禅让的旋风。屈原既是王族又有才能,楚怀王担心如果他获得民心,自己的国君之位就会有危险,所以心怀忧虑。

司马迁对屈原被疏远,大抒不愤之情:

“屈平疾王听之不聪也,谗谄之蔽明也,邪曲之害公也,方正之不容也,故忧愁幽思而作《离骚》……信而见疑,忠而被谤,能无怨乎?屈平之作离骚,盖自怨生也。”(《史记·屈原贾生列传》)

屈原被疑,心生怨愤,又无知己可诉,不禁写下《离骚》这等千古美文。

《离骚》留给后人的,有人生的坚持不懈,如“路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索”;有对人民生活艰难的怜惜,如“长太息以掩涕兮,哀民生之多艰”;有对祖国、宗庙的忠诚,如“指九天以为证兮,夫唯灵修之故也”。简言之,文如其人,从《离骚》能够窥探屈原的品行。

宋人陆游说,“离骚未尽灵均恨,志士千秋泪满裳”(陆游·《哀郢》),可见《离骚》的基调是痛苦的。

清人刘熙在《艺概·文概》中说:“学《离骚》得其情者太史公,得其辞者为司马长卿。”意思是说,司马迁深深体悟到《离骚》之韵里的悲痛,并在自己的文章里体现出来。

文学的目的在于表达情志,如果没有情志,无论言辞多美,最终都不能流传久远。《离骚》和《史记》能够流传久远,全因其中情志真切。

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