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第九十二章 唐朝文化底蕴(四)(1 / 2)

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瓷器

邢窑白瓷(一)唐代陶瓷,尤其到了唐末五代,有重要的发展。唐代陶瓷中最重要的是青瓷、白瓷和“唐三彩”的陶器。

青瓷的代表产地是越州,白瓷的代表产地是邢州。陆羽在公元八世纪中时曾比较过这两种瓷器并提到其他各地的产品:“盌、越州上,鼎州次,婺州次,岳州次,寿州,洪州次。或者以邢州处越州上,殊为不然。邢瓷类银,越瓷类玉,邢不如越一也。若邢瓷类雪,则越瓷类冰,邢不如越二也。邢瓷白而茶色丹,越瓷青而茶色绿,邢不如越三也……越州瓷、岳州瓷皆青,青则益茶,茶作白红之色。邢州瓷白,茶色红;寿州瓷黄,茶色色紫;洪州瓷褐,茶色黑,悉不宜茶。”[5]

青瓷,是中国瓷器的开始,各种不同浓度与色相的“青”釉是中国最早的瓷釉。唐代的青瓷,继承了南朝的传统,最重要的产地是在今浙江东部绍兴一带,这一地区在唐代为越州,所以,越窑青瓷是中国古代陶瓷史,特别是唐五代陶瓷史上有首要地位的陶瓷工艺品。[5]

唐代越窑青瓷烧成温度在一千二百五十度以上,叩之其声清脆。唐大中年间(公元847一858年)有调音律官郭道源“善击瓯,率以邢瓯、越瓯共十二只,施加减水于其中,以筋击之,其多妙于方响”。清脆的乐音也是瓷器的一个特点。[5]

出土文物唐代越窑青瓷之为陶瓷工艺上的大进步也在于“长石釉”烧制的成功(瓷釉中必须含有的矽酸,或利用植物的灰,或利用石英、长石。成功地利用长石可以克服釉汁不匀的缺点,而产生细润光柔的效果)。长石釉的成功是陶瓷技术上划时代的变化,所以唐代越窑青瓷色泽之鲜丽动人不断地引起诗人们的赞美。[5]

唐代越窑流行的装饰方法是在釉下胎上用流利的线进行刻划,刻划的纹样极为流利生动,有:牡丹、莲花、莲瓣、莲蓬、荷叶、宝相花,卷草等花卉纹样,龙、狮子、凤凰、鹤、鹦鹉、鸳鸯、雁、龟、鱼、蝴蝶、小鸟等动物纹样和神仙、人物、云、山水、波涛等纹样,至于配合组成图案,则多装饰在碗盏等器物的内面。[5]

唐代越窑青瓷烧造的地点已发现的主要是绍兴九岩和余姚上林湖。[5]

邢窑白瓷(二)越窑器物出土而有准确的年代可考者,其历史价值较大。例如已知最早的一件是唐长庆三年(公元823年)的一块墓志铭。其次是在绍兴发现的唐户部侍部北海王府君夫人的墓中出土一组青瓷器,计:短嘴长柄壶两件、朴素无饰的瓷盘及有花饰的瓷盘各一件。圆盒,撇口花插各一件,墓志的年代是元和五年(公元810年)。其次是上面划着大中元年(公元847年)等字样的残壶。由这些实例可以确定在中唐时期,越窑已进入成熟时期。[5]

越窑青瓷在五代时期成为极其名贵的珍品。在江南地区比较安定,工商业继续发展的条件下,越窑日益精美,产量并大大的提高。钱越在五代末期及北宋初向中原进贡,一次可以有万余件,或五万余件,最多竟达到十四万件。其中有金银扣瓷器(瓷碗扣烧,口缘无釉,涩边,则镶以金或银,而称为金扣、银扣)。钱越时期最精美的越窑禁止民间使用,因而此时期的越窑也通称为“秘色窑”,但秘色窑的名称最早是在唐朝开始的。[5]

服饰

唐代的装饰艺术以其华丽优美的风格成为时代的特点。例如敦煌藻井图案中可以看出,垂幔变成了璎珞,卷草上长出了丰茂的花朵;卷草叶子种类变得多样,而且变得有相当厚度。这些花朵大多是重瓣密集,呈尚未完全舒展的状态,每一花瓣都汁液饱满,以至膨胀而反卷。[5]

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