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第347章 失地农民的去向(2 / 2)

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李国助莞尔一笑,终于上道了啊,于是开始循循善诱:

“15世纪,英格兰与大明都出现了大规模的土地兼并现象。”

“英格兰地主兼并土地是为了养羊,为毛纺织业提供原料,追求羊毛利润。”

“大明地主兼并土地有的是为了种桑养蚕,为丝织业提供原料,追求生丝利润。”

“有的是为了扩大棉花种植,为棉纺织业提供原料,追求棉花利润。”

“这类地主基本都集中在沿海省份,”

“内陆省份的地主兼并土地主要还是为了收更多的地租。”

“英格兰的土地兼并和大明的土地兼并都产生了大量失地农民。”

“大明的失地农民成了佃农、短工、长工、机工、流民。”

“英格兰的失地农民也成了佃农、短工、长工、机工、流民。”

“然而经过将近两百年的发展,到如今英格兰的这五类人群与大明却有了本质的区别。”

“大明的佃农对地主依附性强,可被地主随意夺佃。”

“英格兰却有《反驱逐法案》保护佃农利益。”

“大明的地租高达五至七成,且以实物地租为主。”

“英格兰的地租只有两三成,且以货币地租为主。”

“大明的佃农交租求生,剩余极少。”

“英格兰的佃农却在追求商业利益,有的积累了财富,开始成为农场主。”

“大明的短工只是被小农零散雇佣,英格兰的短工却被农场大量雇佣。”

“大明的短工被户籍束缚,难以跨区流动,英格兰的短工却可以自由迁徙。”

“大明短工的薪酬以实物为主,英格兰的短工却以货币工资为主。”

“大明的短工难以摆脱贫困,英格兰的短工则开始进入城市,成为机工。”

“大明的长工世代为主家服役,子女常沦为奴仆。”

“英格兰的长工却是自由雇佣,受法律保护。”

“大明的长工重复传统耕作,英格兰的长工却在改进农业技术。”

“大明的长工几乎没有任何上升通道。”

“英格兰的长工却可以积累财富,成为租地农场主。”

“大明的机工不是家庭作坊的雇工,便是官营匠户。”

“英格兰的机工多是手工工场的雇工。”

“大明的生产技术近乎停滞,英格兰机工却在积极改良生产技术。”

“大明的机工为匠籍世袭,被强制服役,英格兰的机工却可自由流动,受行会保护。”

“大明的流民规模越来越大,一旦出现叛乱,就会天下大乱。”

“英格兰的流民规模不大,有叛乱也容易镇压下去。”

“大明对流民只知镇压,英格兰却有《济贫法》强制流民劳动或迁移殖民地。”

“大明的流民没有活路,最后只能加入反贼。”

“英格兰的流民却有多种活路,主要流向城市的手工工场,成为机户,推动工业化。”

“玄扈先生以为这是为什么呢?”

徐光启接触西学,自然知道西洋历法,所以李国助跟他说“15世纪”也不怕他听不懂。

不过李国助还是不经意间说了一些现代词语,比如“农场”“殖民地”“手工工场”“工业化”等。

“呃……这个问题我一时还没有头绪,不过有几个词语,我倒是想请教小友,或许能帮助我想通其中关窍。”

果然李国助无意间说的几个现代词语还是困扰了徐光启。

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