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第54章 铸炮记(上)(1 / 2)

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很多人因为红夷大炮从西方传来,都想当然认为到了明末,中国火炮技术落后。其实不然,明末中国落后于西方的是火炮设计技术,而在火炮铸造技术上,因为中国先进的铸铁技术,反倒优于西方火炮铸造技术。

当时西方社会除了英国具有铁炮铸造技术以外,其他欧洲各国均是青铜铸炮。在这时期的中国铜便是钱。《大明会典》记载嘉靖年间,“通宝钱六百万文,合用二火黄铜四万七千二百七十二斤,水锡四千七百二十八两。”

也就是说一斤黄铜差不多能铸造一百二十七文左右通宝钱,类似于大口径拿破仑青铜炮差不多接近明制一千斤左右,当合明代一十二万七千钱。而按照明末铁价,一斤熟铁才零点一六钱银子左右,换算成铜钱则合十来文左右。如果换作生铁那就更低了,也不过几文钱一斤。若是以这些铸造火炮的黄铜换算为生铁铸炮,大约能铸造四五十门左右的红夷大炮,其中性价比可想而知。

张顺问清了其中价差,选择何种材料铸炮便可想而知了。但是选用铁料,亦有不同。明代常有铁料分为荒铁、生铁、熟铁(即精铁)和钢四种。

所谓荒铁便是初步提炼出来的粗生铁,再次熔炼便可作为生铁使用。至于生铁、熟铁之别,却和后世定义不同。明代的生铁是未经“炒”过的铁料叫生铁;经“炒”过的谓之熟铁。至于钢材,传统工匠则把杂质较少能够淬火的中高碳钢才称之为“钢”,只能生产极少数用于刀刃、枪尖等关键部位,暂时不予考虑。而低碳钢和熟铁则是更多的被笼统称为“熟铁”。

如果大家仔细琢磨这个定义就会发现一个问题,古代对生铁熟铁的定义以工序为准,而不是像后世那样以含碳量为准,所以有时候就会出现后世非常不能理解的问题。比如明初的大炮经过后世金相分析,赫然发现属于铸钢火炮。这些火炮大多数出自于山西地区,这足以说明山西高超的炼铁技术和铸造技术。

当然,我们的主角张顺还不知道这些情况,只是粗略了解了铁料的分类。按照张顺所想那尽量用优质铁料来铸造火炮,于是便提出要用“精铁”铸炮。

这话却把刘钢给笑到了,说道:“大王有所不知,这精铁只能打造,不能铸造。若想铸造,非得生铁不可。”

“为何不能铸造?”张顺奇怪问道。

“难熔难化,即使勉强熬制成粥状,也是无法浇筑。”刘钢解释道。

得了,原来是温度不够。张顺这些明白了,可是他自己也没有办法,只得退而求其次,准备铸造生铁炮。可是这铸造成什么样子,张顺也没有办法。他既没有见过红夷大炮,也没有见过弗朗机,虎蹲炮之类的实物,有没有实物可以模仿,便只好自己亲自来设计。

刚开始,张顺却是把事情想简单了,他根据后世粗略印象,画出来一个前细后粗的中空圆柱体,口径约莫拳头大小,前端壁厚二指,后端壁厚三指,便让刘钢负责铸造。

刘钢问其长度,张顺自己也不知道,根据后世影像资料,顺口说了一个数据“五尺”。这差不多有六七百公斤,按照他们坩埚炼铁的练法,差不多可以用尽慢慢一方炉产出的坩埚铁,不过幸好距离这里不远的润城到处都是炼铁之处。

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