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第395章 登州土改(2 / 2)

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十六国南北朝时,北魏统一北方,毕竟是渔猎、游牧民族入主中原,所以北魏前期的官员,是没有俸禄的,官员从某种意义而言,就是一支部落兵的头领,通过战争掠夺、战功赏赐获得钱财。

但随着北方统一,北魏孝文帝不得不改革制度,开始了汉化进程,但“太和改制”有一点没有完全解决,那就是官员俸禄的问题。

于是从北魏到北齐,就出现了公廨田、公廨钱,即朝廷给州郡县的官衙,按照官员品级,划分官田,雇佣百姓耕作,土地的产出大部分直接交给本地官员,以充当俸禄,同时还允许官府面向民间进行“高利贷”行为。

这一制度被隋唐沿用,大宋朝开国后,官衙仍旧有公田,但大宋承认土地私有,故而国有土地并不多,公田提供的赋税也不算多。

王伦在登州的改革,就取消了公田,将之分配给了无地的农民,因为这一点儿土地,实在不值当官府专门派人经营管理。

所以王伦改革的第一个大头,就是民田。他已经通过均分土地,征收夏秋两税,初步推行了下去。

自古以来,或者说从汉朝以来,官府对民间收税,大致有三类:土地税、人头税、商税。两汉对人头税,是按照成年百姓来计的,不分男女,比如西汉时百姓每年按照人头要缴纳一百二十文钱。

到了东汉末年,曹操占领青州之后,推行改革,将人头税转为户税,即不按人头,而是按照户口,以一夫一妻计,缴纳的也不是钱,而是土地产出的实物。

同时两汉还有财产税,但唐朝德宗皇帝时,名相杨炎改革,提出了“两税法”,就将官府在册的百姓,以每户资产、家中人丁、以及拥有土地数量综合收税。

大宋朝又做了一番改革,土地税单独收,人口、户税也只在部分州县,通过身丁钱、米钱的名义收取。

看似是一种巨大的进步,但是,大宋朝推行各种盐铁酱醋国营,实际上的人口税、户税都分摊到了农税、商税以及各种杂税中去了,实际征收比例反而更高。

王伦就听闻,王安石变法之后,江南的部分州县,当地官员就已经建议,将两浙路“丁钱随田税带纳”,只是朝廷议论后并未通过。

这实际上就是要求“摊丁入亩”,即将人口、户税与百姓拥有土地多寡形成了绑定,王伦在登州也开始了推行。

同时王伦又按照隋朝的制度,将统计在册的百姓人口按照年龄划分,三岁以下为黄,也就是常说的“黄口小儿”;三到十岁为小;十到十七岁为中;十八岁到六十岁为丁;六十岁以上为老。

登州的土地改革,均分人口主要针对丁男和丁女,中男则分二十亩地,成年后再分一次田;老年也有二十亩,但身死后土地就回收。

王伦的土地政策,可谓是从北魏孝文帝改革以来,一直到满清雍正时期的大杂糅,这样征东将军府名下占据的未分配土地,大约只有六分之一左右,山林水泽,则实行承包制。

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