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第46章 生命的迹象(1 / 1)

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生命是一种最为奇妙、最富魅力的自然现象。在现在的地球上,生活着150多万种动物、40多万种植物和20多万种微生物,构成了一个蜂飞蝶舞、鸟语花香、山清水秀、绚丽多彩的生命世界,繁衍进化,生生不息。从高山到平原,从沙漠到草原,从空中到江河湖海,从地表到地下,到处都有生命的踪迹。

生命的起源应当追溯到与生命有关的元素及化学分子的起源。因而,生命的起源过程应当从宇宙形成之初,通过奇点球大爆炸产生了碳、氢、氧、氮、磷、硫等构成生命的主要元素谈起。

大约在66亿年前,银河系内发生过一次大爆炸,其碎片和散漫物质经过长时间的凝集,大约在46亿年前形成了太阳系。作为太阳系一员的地球也在46亿年前形成了。接着,冰冷的星云物质释放出大量的引力势能,再转化为动能、热能,致使温度升高。与此同时,地球还受到亿万颗彗星和陨石的撞击,加上地球内部元素的放射性热能也发生增温作用,所以初期的地球呈熔融状态。高温的地球在旋转过程中,其中的物质发生分异,重的元素下沉到中心凝聚为地核,较轻的物质构成地幔和地壳,逐渐出现了圈层结构。这个过程用了大约1亿年的时间,才把高达数千摄氏度的温度降了下来。那时的地球是一个无生命的荒凉沉寂的世界。过了大约10亿年,地球上才有了简单的蓝藻类微生物。

资料表明前生物阶段的化学演化并不局限于地球,在宇宙空间中广泛地存在着化学演化的产物。在星际演化中,某些生物单分子,如氨基酸、嘌呤、嘧啶等可能形成于星际尘埃或凝聚的星云中,接着在行星表面的一定条件下产生了象多肽、多聚核苷酸等生物高分子。通过若干前生物演化的过渡形式最终在地球上形成了最原始的生物系统,即具有原始细胞结构的生命。至此,生物学的演化开始,直到今天地球上产生了无数复杂的生命形式。

38亿年前,地球上形成了稳定的陆块,各种证据表明液态的水圈是热的,甚至是沸腾的。现生的一些极端嗜热的古细菌和甲烷菌可能最接近于地球上最古老的生命形式,其代谢方式可能是化学无机自养。澳大利亚西部瓦拉伍那群中35亿年前的微生物可能是地球上最早的生命证据。

原始地壳的出现,标志着地球由天文行星时代进入地质发展时代,具有原始细胞结构的生命也开始逐渐形成。但是在很长的时间内尚无较多的生物出现,一直到距今5.4亿年前的寒武纪,带壳的后生动物才大量出现,故把寒武纪以后的地质时代称为显生宙。

无论如何,地球上终于有了生命的迹象。

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