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第零四章 青铜器上的动物园(2 / 2)

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1930年的一个夜晚,郭沫若先生在灯下书写《殷周青铜器铭文研究》,用他秀丽的行书,在纸页上写下一串这样的文字:

“此壶全身的浓重奇诡之传统花纹,予人以无名之压迫,几可窒息。乃于壶盖之周骈列莲瓣二层,以植物为图案,器在秦汉以前者,已为余所仅见之一例。而于莲瓣之中央复立一清新俊逸之白鹤,翔其双翅,单其一足,微隙其喙作欲鸣之状,余谓此乃时代精神之一象征也。”

王国维在《殷周制度论》中说:“中国政治与文化之变革,莫剧于殷周之际。”

自西周到东周列国(春秋战国),是一个由王权统一到群雄逐鹿的时代。

中央的约束力的减弱,使原本附着在青铜礼器之上的国家权力在下放,各国诸侯已经纷纷铸造青铜器,不仅齐、楚、秦、晋这些大诸侯国在铸造,像陈、蔡这样一些小的诸侯国也要过这把瘾,争先恐后地铸造青铜器。

说白了就是没人管了,爱咋咋地。

猪肉炖粉条,大家可劲儿造。

权力的松弛,为青铜铸造带来了意想不到的自由:造型艺术上,青铜器摆脱了西周统一的端庄风格,形成了多元的地方色彩,由简朴厚重转向优美和实用;

动物形体也逐渐由纹饰中的阴线和阳线中脱颖而出,变成更加写实的浮雕、圆雕和透雕,像这件莲鹤方壶上的仙鹤,“成为一种独立的表现,把装饰、花纹、图案丢在脚下了”,“表示了春秋之际造型艺术要从装饰艺术独立出来的倾向。”

连被称为“国之重器”的鼎,也摆脱了它一本正经的气质,像故宫博物院所藏的陈侯鼎,鼎腹浅,鼎腿长,像个跳高运动员,傲然独立,还有青铜椭圆鼎,变成了横向的椭圆状,像相朴运动员,憨朴可爱。

酒器到了周代已经走到了末路,春秋时代遗留到今天的青铜酒器更不多见,莲鹤方壶,因此而愈显珍贵。

青铜器向生活领域长驱直入,除了酒器,这一时期的日常生活器具还有:

盘、鉴、匜等水器;钟、铃、钲等乐器,化妆奁、镜这些化妆器,还有香炉、灯这些杂器……

与此同时,各种实用艺术纷纷挣脱了材料的控制,多种材质的工艺品走进人们的生活,其中有:漆器、陶器、金银器、纺织品。

玉更以它清雅的气质和玲珑的色泽介入到生活用具的设计和制作中,“被用作剑饰、发笄、佩饰和带钩,即使一度是礼制**物的璧和琮在这个时期也丧失了原来的象征意义而成为装饰品。”

技术上,各种新观念、新技术也突然迸发,各种新的实验也无拘无束地自由展开,工艺的巧思达至极致。

这件莲鹤方壶,就是用当时的“高科技”——“分铸法”铸成的。

也就是说,壶上的仙鹤、双龙耳和器身主体,都是分别铸成,然后再与主体部分联铸在一起的。

那时还没有数控机床,但这并不妨碍那时的工匠不差毫厘地把各自分铸的零件连接到一起。

简直就是妙绝天人啊。

张天元都有点不敢相信,自己怎么就能在阿三国看到这么经典的东西。

这实在是有点超出他的意料之外啊。

喜欢鉴宝秘术请大家收藏:鉴宝秘术本站更新速度全网最快。

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