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第20章 责任内阁(2 / 2)

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找人帮忙处理朝政,那不是等于又立了丞相?朱元璋临死之前,设立祖制,规定明代永不立相,朱棣也不好违抗啊!于是,他打了个擦边球,设立了内阁大学士一职,都是一些品级很低的小官,帮助自己处理政务,实则就是贴身秘书的性质!

从此,内阁诞生了!顾名思义,它并不是朝廷常设机构,而是皇帝私官,所以才叫“内”阁!朱棣如此设置,规避了立相的禁忌,有人问究起来,无非就是身边添了几个不入流的秘书而已,并不算违背祖制!

可是,朱棣死后,内阁慢慢就变味了!大学士的品级越来越高,甚至成为一二品的大员,兼任六部尚书,即大学士管部!后来,内阁还拥有了“票拟”的权力,可以代皇帝批阅奏章,给出处理意见,权力是越来越大,虽然名义上不是丞相,却有过之而无不及,到了嘉靖和万历年间,竟然成为了制约皇权的强大政治力量,连皇帝的私生活都要干涉,权势滔天,无孔不入!

估计朱元璋泉下有知,非得气活过来不可!他苦心孤诣废除的宰相制,就这么死灰复燃了,还变本加厉,为所欲为,达到了历史的巅峰!

后来,明朝灭亡了,满清取而代之,虽然把内阁大学士的名头也沿袭过来,却吸取了明亡的教训,并没有设立真正的内阁制度!康熙朝时,设立上书房大臣,协助皇帝,总理朝政;雍正朝时,又设立了军机处,由军机大臣,跪聆圣谕,国家大事,均由皇帝一人做主!至此,内阁制度彻底消亡了!

不过,内阁制度虽然不存在了,却对历史产生了深远的影响!比如成语“入阁拜相”,还有影视剧中经常听到的“阁老”一词,都是内阁制度曾经存在过的痕迹和证明!甚至现代西方国家的政权机构,翻译成中文时,也采用了内阁这个称号,实际上意思差得很远,根本不是一个概念,只是约定成俗,心照不宣的一种习惯叫法而已!

刘纬是个现代的穿越者,当然深受影响,在决定设立这样一个机构的时候,首先想到的名字,就是内阁!不过,他所设置的内阁,可与明代不一样,其本质,就是民选丞相在当选之后,所组建的一届政府,即所谓的“组阁”!

为此,刘纬废除了汉代的三公九卿制,设立了六部三院九卿制!六部,就是我们耳熟能详的兵、刑、工、吏、户、礼,三院指的是督察院、大理寺和理藩院!六部三院的首席长官,即为九卿,地位是平等的,但是,丞相只管辖六部,三院却是独立于政权体系之外,丞相不可染指!

六部长官,称为尚书,由丞相直接委任,皇帝不能干涉!如此看来,丞相的权力大得惊人,可实际上呢,他必须在任期内干出一番成绩,兑现竞选时的承诺,对皇帝和天下百姓负责,否则就有被炒鱿鱼的风险,即弹劾罢免,解散内阁!

因此,刘纬所设置的内阁,也可以被称为责任内阁,接受多方监督!丞相想利用手里的权力胡作非为,那是想都别想,权力被彻底关进了笼子里!

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