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第75章 铸造大炮(1 / 2)

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要是谈起火炮的历史,那可就有得说了,恐怕一篇数万字的论文,都无法将其一一阐述清楚!未免再度陷入无聊的知识介绍,我们只简单说说中国火炮的发展历史吧!

早在两千多年前的春秋战国时期,世界上最早的以抛石块杀伤敌人的兵器,就已由中国人制造出来,这就是火炮的始祖“礮”,其实就是一种简单的投石机!

中国象棋里,有两枚棋子写作“炮”,实际上指的就是这种投石机!而火字旁的“炮”,原本是没有这个字的,最早出现,是在火器飞速发展的宋代!换句话说,火炮的原型,基本是由两宋时期,开始出现的!

众所周知,宋朝是中国古代历史上最富庶的朝代,就算后来偏安一隅的南宋朝廷,其国民生产总值,也是世界第一!再加上屡屡与辽金西夏打仗,士兵战斗力又普遍不行,便促进了各种火药武器如雨后春笋般,不断涌现,得到了如井喷一般的发展和进步!

由此,宋代出现了世界上最早的,以火药燃烧形成压力发射弹丸的管形火铳!

据记载,宋代早期的火铳以竹为筒,内装火药弹丸!这种用竹筒做成的火器,在连续发射时容易烧毁,不能长期使用,因而在宋朝后期,能工巧匠们制造出了世界上最早的金属管形火器,这种火器口径较大,发射前从管口装入火药和弹丸,管子的后端装入引线,发射时用火点燃引线引着火药,火药在管内燃烧产生气压,将弹丸从管口喷射出去,这便是枪支和火炮的原型了!

至于火炮飞速发展和广泛应用的时代,就是明朝了!明朝前期,欧洲火炮开始传入中国,并在战争中,得到了广泛的使用和普及,直到最后,中国人自己仿制与铸造,使火炮的发展和使用,又上升到了一个新的台阶!

有火炮参与的着名战例很多,其中最值得一提的,就是明末宁远之战中,袁崇焕的守军,在城头发炮攻击后金军,有一发炮弹歪打正着地击中了努尔哈赤的銮驾,使他当场身受重伤,后来虽经过百般治疗与休养,却还是最终因此而身亡(传说,有争议)!真可谓改变历史的惊人一炮!

若是照此趋势继续发展,中国的火器水平,不会比欧洲差多少,只是可惜后来的江山被满清所得,因为种种原因,使得火枪火炮的发展历史,至此戛然而止,造成了武器装备落后西方几百年,而被动挨打的不利局面!

那么,清朝统治者,为什么不重视火器的研发与使用呢?因为他们本是游猎民族出身,迷信快马弯刀,弓骑善射,便可称霸天下,固步自封,闭关锁国,不思进取!

另外,满清统治者们极度不自信,总觉得自己是异族人,即便统治了万里河山,还是时常警惕着汉人造反,根本不可能让汉军拥有那么先进的武器,他们怕汉人调转炮口,用来对付自己,又怎么可能大力推广使用火枪火炮这种先进的武器呢!

其实,这个弊端,早在乾隆时期,就已经开始出现了!乾隆所谓的十大武功之一:攻缅甸,其实就是一场彻头彻尾的败仗,却被吹嘘为胜利,纯属掩耳盗铃,自欺欺人!那么,强大的清军,怎么连缅甸土人都打不过呢?

其中一个重要的原因,就是武器装备的落后!缅甸毗邻印度,而印度是英国的殖民地,因此缅甸土人有不少军队,都使用着从英国人那购买来的先进火器,战争一开打,清军的弓箭长矛,根本抵挡不住火器的轮番进攻,不输才怪!

可是,清朝统治者们,却没能认识到自己的不足与短处,无视这样的差距,讥讽人家是奇技淫巧,依然固步自封,吹嘘胜利,最终错过了最后一次追赶西方先进武器发展步伐的机会,导致由道光朝开始,屡次遭受外敌入侵,却几乎没有还手之力!

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