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第73章 蒸汽动力(1 / 2)

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蒸汽机的发明,是人类历史,大踏步进入工业时代不可或缺的重要一环!如今刘纬想要继续深化技术改革,首先要攻克的难关,就是蒸汽机的制造与使用!

相信一提起蒸汽机,大家就会想起瓦特来,还有那个着名的烧水壶盖,被蒸汽推动,不停跳动,启发了瓦特发明蒸汽机灵感的故事!可是很遗憾,这是一个与爱迪生救妈妈一样被杜撰出来的故事罢了!

人类历史上,最早的蒸汽机雏形,是古希腊数学家西罗,于公元1世纪发明的汽转球;约1679年,法国物理学家丹尼斯帕潘,观察了蒸汽逃离他的高压锅后,制造了第一台蒸汽机的工作模型;1698年托马斯塞维利和1712年托马斯纽科门,制造了早期的工业蒸汽机,他们都为蒸汽机后来的发展,做出了杰出的贡献!

而瓦特,是在前人的基础上,改良了纽科门的大型蒸汽机,使其更加完善,能效更高!因此,瓦特并不是蒸汽机的发明者,而是改良者,历史贡献上与改良造纸术的蔡伦,颇有些类似之处!

当然,蒸汽机究竟是谁发明的,似乎并不重要,重要的是许多人都想当然地以为,蒸汽机的研究与制造,是很简单的!不就是把水烧开沸腾出蒸汽,再用水蒸汽的动力推动涡轮产生动力嘛,多么简单!

哪有那么简单啊!若是真的这么容易,人类恐怕早就发明制造出蒸汽机了,何必要等到18世纪!那么,制造蒸汽机的难点,究竟在哪呢?

首先,就是锅炉!估计许多人,连锅炉长什么样子都没见过,那可不是家里的蒸锅,把水加进去,下面架上火烧就行,构造相当复杂!最重要的是,锅炉内的压力,是非常大的,若没有过硬的冶炼铸造技术,造不出结实的锅炉,将非常危险,无异于一颗定时炸弹!

可是在古代,金属冶炼技术非常落后,如何才能用钢材铸造出那么大的锅炉!即便勉强制造出来了,结实不结实都很难保证!

其次,就是各种零部件!锅炉通过燃烧过程,将水沸腾为蒸汽,再由管道,输送到汽缸内,经主汽阀和节流阀,进入滑阀室,受滑阀控制,交替进入汽缸的左侧或右侧,推动活塞运动,产生动力。这个复杂的过程,需要无数阀门和管道,在古代是很难制造出来的!

我们的家里,都有水龙头和水管,这些东西十分常见,而且价格也很便宜,因此常常被忽略,可是我们之所以能使用上如此物美价廉的水龙头和水管,全拜现代发达的工业制造水平所赐,要是放在古代,光这两样东西,便是难以逾越的鸿沟!就更别说是气压阀门和气压管道了!

阀门是由阀杆、阀座、阀壳等部分组成,每个部分,技术含量都相当高,若是工艺不到位,便会出现锈蚀和泄露的现象,使阀门失去作用;管道,那就更难了,在古代哪有无缝钢管的制造技术?另外,没有焊接技术,管道连接也将是个非常大的难题!

刘纬搞的自来水工程,用的可都是竹管!可是蒸汽那么高的温度和压力,竹管岂能经受得起?因此,发明制造蒸汽机,对刘纬这个文科生来说,对汉末三国这个落后的时代来说,简直是比登天还难啊!

那么,刘纬为什么非要发明蒸汽机呢?水力机械,不是用着也不错么?很简单,因为随着丘下工业园区的不断发展和壮大,原有的水能动力,已经不够用了,许多时候,甚至需要人力和畜力,来推动机械运转!

而且,兴鼎三年也确实是个大灾之年,不仅北方大地灾祸横行,就连汉中也遭遇了百年不遇的一场大旱!河流水位锐减,干涸了至少半年,丘下水坝的储水量,严重不足,已经到了难以为继的地步了!同时,水库泥沙淤积也是越来越严重,储水量下降,更是雪上加霜!

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