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第1章 兴鼎元年(1 / 2)

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惊心动魄的建安十六年,就这样悄然而过,历史又翻开了新的一页!不过至此,我们的历史纪元说法,需要变一变了,新的一年,已经不再是建安十七年,而成了兴鼎元年!

古代皇帝,有谥号、庙号、年号和尊号之分,纷繁复杂,许多人傻傻分不清楚,为了明晰这些概念,我们需要解释一番!

谥号,简单来说,就是什么公,什么王,什么帝,比如齐桓公、楚庄王、汉武帝等。这是帝王薨逝之后,后人对其生前的品德功绩,给予评价的文字。

这种做法,始于西周,其实并非皇帝的专利,王侯将相或社会知名人士,也享有这份殊荣。

比如我们之前提到过的荀彧,死后被曹操追谥为“敬”,人称荀故敬公;清代名臣曾国藩,谥号“文正”,因此也被后人称为曾文正公。

另外,谥号也不都是赞扬和夸奖,也有批评和怜悯,因此除了惠、文、武、桓、景等好听的谥号外,也有桀、纣、厉、幽、悯、怀等比较突兀的字眼!

中国古代帝王,基本都有谥号,唯独两个人比较特殊:秦始皇和孙权!

秦始皇认为,谥号有“子议父,臣议君”的无礼之嫌,便将其废除,自称为“始皇帝”,后代为二世、三世、四世……乃至千秋万世!这属于尊号,而非谥号;孙权去世后,谥号为“大”,史称“吴大帝”,也是纵观千秋史载,仅此一位,比较特殊!

值得注意的是,谥号是死后才有的,要是人还活着,绝不可能知道自己的谥号是什么!有一部电视剧,就犯了个最低级的常识性错误,孝庄太后竟然一口一个“我孝庄”如何如何,听着很有气势,却是把死后的谥号,提前拿出来用了,实在尴尬到了极点!

庙号,就是什么祖,什么宗,比如我们耳熟能详的唐太宗、宋太祖、宋高宗等。这是皇帝驾崩后,灵位入太庙时,所奉称号,也代表了他在帝系当中的排位!

一般说来,有肇始创业,夺取天下之功的皇帝,称为“祖”;有治理天下,中兴社稷之德的皇帝,称为“宗”。祖宗这个词,便也由此而来。

由历朝历代的规律来看,一般称祖的皇帝,都是开国皇帝,而且皆称为“太祖”,比如汉太祖刘邦(汉高祖是俗称,正式庙号是太祖)、宋太祖赵匡胤、明太祖朱元璋、清太祖努尔哈赤等。

只有唐朝开国皇帝李渊一人特殊,庙号“高祖”,毕竟他的江山社稷,几乎都是儿子李世民打下来的,后来又在玄武门之变中,被李世民夺了权位,是最名不符实的开国皇帝,庙号高祖,也许是李世民故意为之,暗含着高高供起来的傀儡之意!

另外,清代皇帝也比较特殊,出了三个庙号为祖的皇帝:太祖努尔哈赤、世祖福临(顺治)和圣祖玄烨(康熙),这大概是因为他们入主中原,统一天下的过程特殊所致,毕竟努尔哈赤那时候,后金还是个偏居一隅的地方政权而已。

不过,在唐代以前,不是每个皇帝,都有庙号。比如,西汉十二位皇帝,只有四位,享有庙号,因此唐朝以前的皇帝,我们一般不称其庙号,而称谥号,如:汉文帝、汉武帝、汉灵帝、汉献帝等;

唐代以后,因为每个皇帝都有庙号,后人才称呼他们为:唐太宗、宋太祖等,而不称谥号了!毕竟谥号,不是皇帝专有,而庙号,是皇帝独享的特权!

年号,实际上是古代封建王朝,用来纪年的一种方式。汉武帝继位后,开创了以年号纪年的形式,在此之前,是没有年号一说的,纪年都是采用谥号。比如:周平王二年,汉文帝五年等等。

汉武帝的创始年号为“元狩”,此后历代帝王,遇到天降祥瑞或灾兵祸乱等天下大事时,都要改年号,一位皇帝在位期间,往往拥有许多年号,其中最多的,要属武则天,曾用过十七个年号!

频繁改变年号,皇帝老子倒是爽了,却不利于民间纪年的实际使用功能,结果造成史书记载一片混乱,某个年号,你很难判断,究竟是属于哪朝哪代,哪个皇帝的,甚至还有重复的情况发生!

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