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第26章 规律难破(1 / 2)

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丘下县,原本只是在沔阳以西的一个小山村,却因为刘纬在这里规划建设工业园区,成为了一座县城,并经过这么多年的发展,一跃成为汉中郡内,仅次于南郑县的第二大城市!

如今的丘下县,异常热闹繁华,因为工业园区的存在,需要大量原材料输入,那些唯利是图的商人,看准商机,在这里开办了许多的贸易商行,再加上各类配套的医舍、学堂,还有如雨后春笋般涌现的茶楼、酒肆、戏院、市场等,这里的商品经济发展程度和活力,甚至远超刘纬作为政治中心的南郑县!

在这里,我们值得用些笔墨,稍加解释一下,以阐明刘纬发展商品经济和手工业的重要性!

大家肯定听说过京杭大运河,在大一统的封建王朝时代,尤其是明清两代,朝廷每年都要花费巨资,由大运河从南方运送漕粮到北方,以解决京师重地和周边地区的粮食问题。这便是漕运!

漕运是一项国家大政,关乎局势的稳定和民心所向,为此在清代,还专门设立一个管理此项大政的高级职务:漕运总督!其职能和地位,与原来的铁道部长,颇有些相似之处!

我们都知道,在欠发达的古代,陆路运输,极其不便,人吃马喂,等运到了地方,粮食恐怕也所剩无几了!因此,只有水运,才是最有效和便捷的手段,由此便可见漕运的重要性了!

但是到了清代后期,这项国家大政,弊端重生,几乎到了进行不下去的地步,每年需要投入几百万两银子还不够,成了一个巨大的负担!

直到洋务运动以后,海运的条件逐渐成熟起来,漕运才彻底告别了历史舞台,结束了他历经千百年的沉重使命!

说到这里,您可能会有疑惑,这跟刘纬有什么关系?你说这些干嘛?呵呵,别着急,您没发现这里面有个很关键的问题吗?那就是为什么清政府不让商人承揽粮食运输,非要每年花费巨资,由政府出面运粮?何苦呢?

道理很简单,因为在那时,国内市场尚未形成,中国依然是小农经济社会,商品经济仅具雏形,根本达不到每年几百上千万石粮食的流通能力!

中国古代,一直强调民以食为天,封建统治者普遍重农抑商,却忽视了商人在社会经济当中的重用地位和作用!他们只看到了商人唯利是图,不劳而获,赚取暴利的一面,却没看到他们在社会流通领域当中的重要性!

由此,千百年来,中国古代,直到清朝,一直都是落后的小农经济社会,商业和手工业,处于长期的萌芽状态,却得不到发展,就是这个原因!

因为国家的不重视,甚至歧视,那些商人骨子里也是自惭形秽,觉得土地才是根本,即便经商赚了许多钱,也不会用于发展生产和销售的再投入,而是拿来多置田地,把流动资金,转化为固定资产,生生将自己从一个资本商人,变为封建地主!试想一下,商品经济和手工业,还能发展起来吗?

商品经济得不到发展,社会经济便始终处于瓶颈状态,因小农经济的局限性,便使得中国古代封建王朝,一直陷入一个跳不出去的轮回,那便是“三百年定律”!

翻阅历史,我们可以发现,中国古代封建王朝的寿命,一般都超不过三百年,汉代四百年,其实也经历了西汉和东汉之间的变乱,只不过最终夺取江山的是光武帝刘秀罢了,与改朝换代,其实区别不大!

那么,这究竟是为什么呢?原因其实很简单,就俩字:土地!

每一个朝代,在开国之前,几乎都是历经一段动乱的时期,比如秦末战乱、汉末三国、南北朝、五代十国、元末争霸、明末起义等等。这样的战乱局面,所造成的直接问题便是,大量人口死亡,导致新朝开国之初,人口稀少,而且剩余大量的无主荒田。

人少田多,岂不是天大的美事?开国之君,可以把这些田土划分给百姓耕种,而百姓有了耕地,就有了活下去的希望和动力,更是干劲十足,因此往往新朝立国后,在初代几位君主手里,极容易出现大治盛世!

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