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第7章 造纸技术(1 / 2)

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刘纬的挖墙脚之计,的确起到了效果,随着时间的推移,越来越多的人才投奔到了益州,当然,这其中有文人,也有武士,更有具备一技之长的工匠!另外,江阳大学培养的第一批人才也终于毕业了,这些人都被刘纬派到了基层去锻炼,但他们无疑将成为未来的骨干力量!

刘纬的胸中,一直有一个宏伟的规划,他想发动一场改革,按照自己的想法,彻底改造原有的政治、经济和文化模式!要改革,就需要人才,如今刘纬已经有了一定的人才储备,改革也可以开始着手进行了!

刘纬深知,任何改革不能一蹴而就,必须逐步展开,由点及面,由浅入深!历史上曾经有过许多次的改革,比如商鞅变法、王安石变法、张居正改革等,虽然有成功之处,却也大部分失败了。其中一个最重要的原因就是过于操切,矫枉过正!

如果刘纬盲目地把后世的许多先进制度急于借鉴和引用过来,不仅会遇到极大阻力,而且最终的结果,也会因为某些客观原因而失败!有些人说,王莽其实就是个穿越者,他推行的许多政策,都太过于先进了,简直与后世的许多主张一致,可是他就是忽视了社会生产力水平,强行推广自己的改革,最终失败了。

王莽到底是不是个穿越者,无法论证,但是他失败的经验教训,刘纬却不得不吸取和借鉴,就算自己再怎么着急,也必须一步一步来!就拿汉末三国时代来说吧,社会经济和生产力还很落后,民众大多愚昧无知,文盲率高达百分之九十以上,所以,刘纬想要推行新政,首先要解决的问题还是普及教育!

刘纬在占据了汉中以后,便开始推广普及教育了,投入了大量的人力物力,花费了不少钱粮!他在全蜀中的每一个县都开设了官学,并鼓励百姓识字求知,他还在成都和汉中分别又开办了两所大学,专门培养高级人才。另外,刘纬别出心裁地组建了数支游动扫盲队,专司去往各地,尤其是偏远地区,为当地百姓突击扫盲识字而服务。

全面普及教育的摊子是铺开了,可不久就遇到了一个大麻烦!那就是教科书的编纂和发放遇到了困难!以绢帛为材料来编写教科书,质地轻盈,携带方便,问题就是成本太高;若以竹简为材料,成本倒是低了不少,但太过沉重,不易携带!

在汉代以前,这种窘境,的确是文化普及的一大阻碍,也是个不得不面对的问题,因此刘纬决心,改进造纸术!

造纸术,是中国四大发明之一,其对世界影响之深,远超其他三项发明!早在西汉时期,便已经有人开始使用纸张,但那时候的造纸术还不成熟,导致造纸成本很高,东汉宦官蔡伦经过研究和改进,终于降低了造纸成本,发明出了更便宜的纸张,可谓是改变时代的伟大发明!

那这里就有个疑问了,为何东汉年间就已经出现了便宜的纸张,到了三国时代,人们还是在用竹简和绢帛写字呢?还是那个老问题,也是中国古人不得不承认的一个缺点,那就是墨守成规,因循守旧,不接受新事物的顽固心态所致!

我们祖先的智慧,从来都是领先于世界的,可实际应用推广却始终比较落后,也就是说,东西发明的早,实用却较晚!比如这造纸术,东汉年间经过蔡伦的改进已经比较成熟了,可竹简和绢帛作为文书载体,彻底被纸张所取代,消失于历史长河中,却是在南北朝之后,整整晚了几百年!

当然,纸张推广使用的落后,也不能完全怪因循守旧的顽疾,而是当时的纸张质量,实在不敢恭维!蔡伦是降低了造纸成本,用渔网、破布、树皮等材料就可以造纸,但成品很脆,不结实!比如,你把纸张一折叠,马上就断成两截了,这样的纸,不易保存,用来临时写字绘画当草纸还好,但用来成书保存文字,就不适用了!

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