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第四百五十一章 司礼监(1 / 2)

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司礼监是明代二十四衙门之首,但一开始司礼监并不是什么重要的部门,而是一个负责掌宫廷礼仪的普通部门。

司礼监最早见于洪武十七年,主要职责是掌宫廷礼仪,凡正旦、冬至等节,命妇朝贺等礼,则掌其班位仪注及纠察内官人员违犯礼法者!说白了就是外交部礼仪司。

洪武二十八年,朱元璋对宦官机构作了第二次全面调整。司礼监职掌内容改为:掌冠婚丧祭礼仪、制帛与御前勘合、赏赐笔墨书画、并长随当差内使等人出门马牌等事,及督光禄司供应诸筵宴之事。

从这次职掌变动可以看出:一、掌冠婚丧礼仪,是原来司礼监掌宫廷礼仪的具体化。原来的“纠察内官人员违犯礼法者”虽未提及,可以理解为纠察即包括在掌管职责之内。因此,洪武十七年所定司礼监的主要职掌还是保留下来了。

二、增加了御前勘合,内使人等出门马牌,赏赐笔墨书画,催督光禄司供应筵宴等四项内容。其中前两项职掌均属机要工作,这当然增强了司礼监的地位。但总的说来,洪武二十八年调整后的司礼监,排列于内官监之后,仍然是宦官的一般衙门。

永乐、洪熙时期,为了加强对全国的控制,皇帝把可靠的宦官派到军事、政治等重要职位上去,宦官的权力因而大为扩张。

然而这些掌管权力的宦官,许多人都不是司礼监的。也就是说,永乐、洪熙两朝,司礼监在宦官机构中仍属一般衙门,司礼监官员也不具有优越地位。各监的宦官凭借皇帝的宠眷,都有机会出任要职,掌握大权。

到了宣宗朝,直接影响司礼监权位变化的关键事件,是宣宗令内阁条旨和伴随而来的批红。据史籍记载,永乐、洪熙二朝,一些涉及秘密的章奏,外臣一般不能得知,章奏的批改都出自皇帝一人之手,未尝委托于他人。到了宣德时期开始令内阁杨士奇等人参与批阅章奏。中外章奏允许阁臣把批阅建议写在纸上并贴在各奏疏的对面上以进呈,最后由皇帝亲自御批,称之为票拟。批阅奏章成为皇帝处理国政的主要途径。

然而,宣宗令内阁负责条旨,但是对这些条旨都要他亲自批朱,事实证明批阅大量的奏章是一人难以办到的,于是大部分须由其他阁臣或者宦官代为批红,这样,经过内书堂训练,代替皇帝批红的司礼监秉笔太监就应运而生了。于是每日是章奏文书,自御笔批数本外,皆众太监分批,遵照阁中票拟的字样,用朱笔楷书进行批阅。

明宣宗之后,明英宗年幼,实际主政的太皇太后张太后不能与内阁面议取旨,遂专令内阁负责票拟,从此内阁就拥有了票拟权。同时,批红遂成了司礼太监的主要职掌。司礼太监参与批红,成为皇帝处理机务最贴近最可靠的助手。司礼监作为宦官机构第一署的地位得以确立,同时也就为他逐步集中与扩充权力奠定了基础。

正统以后的司礼监实质是内廷的另一内阁,司礼监掌印太监实际已成为与内阁首辅对柄机要的“内相”。到明武宗时候,司礼监太监“遂专掌机密,凡进御章奏及降敕批疏,无有不经其出纳者”。由于制度上的原因,即所谓“然内阁之票拟,不得不决于内监之批红”,所导致的内阁与司礼监在地位上的政治差异,这种权力的不平衡,更经常地表现为司礼监势压内阁的局面。

这一任的司礼监掌印太监张怀还是嘉靖时期的老人,现在已经七十多了,所以司礼监负责日常事务的正是王安。

赵和不知道这个老祖宗是不是王安,他也不敢问,没办法只好跟着小宦官走。

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