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第二百三十八章 不能经商的原因(1 / 2)

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赵和听到外面出现问题,问道:“怎么?出了什么事情?”

赵富贵低声说道:“叔叔,方塔街第十家商铺,是个绸缎庄,东家姓顾,听说在北都当官,现在我们去收税碰到问题,人家不交!”

赵和听赵富贵这么说一皱眉,这可不太好办。明代规定只要中了举人,家中所有赋税都不用交,但并不包括商税。

中国历朝历代是严禁官员经商的,古代将天下万民分成四类,即“士农工商”。官员处于士大夫阶层,是四民中的最高层,而商人处于四民中的最底层。士大夫们不屑与商人为伍,所以不会降尊纡贵去从事大家都看不起的商业活动。

这个观点虽然看起来颇有道理,但却经不起推敲。天下熙熙,皆为利来,士大夫们再怎么清高,也不会和钱过不去。况且历史上也出现过一些大名鼎鼎的儒商,如子贡、范蠡、白圭等。这些人都是士大夫中的精英,同时也称得上是商业巨子。

那么既然合法经商不是什么丢人的事,为什么从春秋战国以后,中国历史上就很少听说官员经商的事情呢?答案是规定不允许。《资治通鉴》中引用了一段董仲舒给汉武帝的上书,里面就很好解释了为什么官员不能经商这件事。

《资治通鉴·卷第十七·汉纪九》中写道:“夫天亦有所分予:予之齿者去其角,傅其翼者两其足,是所受大者不得取小也。古之所予禄者,不食于力,不动于末,是亦受大者不得取小,与天同意者也。夫已受大,又取小,天不能足,而况人虖!”

这段话的意思是说:上天给予万物的恩赐都是有所分配的。给予利齿的动物不再长犄角,给予翅膀的动物只会有双足,这是因为给了大利所以就不再授予小利。

古代那些吃朝廷俸禄的官员不能靠卖力气谋食,不能通过经商谋利,这也是获大利而不得再取小利,这便是天道。

如果一个人既要获大利又要取小利,那就是上天都无法满足他的贪欲,更何况人呢?用现代通俗点的说法来解释《资治通鉴》中的这段话就是留口饭给别人吃,不要把所有便宜都给占尽了。

那么古代官员经商会带来什么危害呢?

《资治通鉴》在上述内容之后也给出了答案:“此民之所以嚣嚣苦不足也。身宠而载高位,家温而食厚禄,因乘富贵之资力以与民争利于下,民安能如之哉!民日削月朘,浸以大穷。富者奢侈羡溢,贫者穷急愁苦;民不乐生,安能避罪!此刑罚之所以蕃而奸邪不可胜者也。”

这段话的意思是:这正是百姓叹息苦难的原因。官员们身居高位,一面拿着朝廷丰厚的俸禄,一面利用手头的权力与民争利,寻常百姓又哪是他们的对手呢!百姓们长期受盘剥,陷入穷困潦倒的境地。

最后就是富人奢侈无度,穷人穷急愁苦。百姓无以为生,自然就会铤而走险触犯法律,这正是刑罚繁多却无法制止犯罪的原因。

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