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第651章 前赵8(2 / 2)

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汉赵的政治制度基本上承袭汉魏以来的制度而又杂以旧俗。自304年刘渊称汉王建立政权后汉赵即采取汉朝的官制,设丞相、御史大夫、太尉及六卿等中枢之官。军事之官有大司马、太尉、大将军等高级将军以及杂号将军。地方之官则沿习魏晋以来的州郡制,采用胡汉分治的政策来进行统治。大单于的权力极大,仅次于皇帝。到刘聪嘉平四年(314),达到了较为完善的阶段。

刘渊时,设单于台,最高长官为大单于,统率六夷部落,单于台的设置,是沿匈奴旧制而来。刘聪时,在统治区内设置左、右司隶,各领户20多万,每1万户设置一名内史,内史共有43人。在大单于下设置单于左、右辅,各主六夷十万落,万落叟置一名都尉。

刘曜称帝后继承汉赵原有制度并小有改革。刘曜沿用之前使用的胡、汉分治。一方面以子刘胤为大司马、大单于,置单于台于渭城(今陕西咸阳),自左、右贤王以下皆用少数族豪酋充当。另一方面又大体沿用魏晋九品官人法,设立学校,肯定士族特权,与汉族的豪门望族相勾结,以维护其统治。此外还仿效刘渊、刘聪徙民都城地区的办法,将被征服的各族人民大量徙置长安一带,以便直接控制。汉赵全盛时拥兵二十八万余人,据地有今陕西、山西、河南、甘肃各一部,当时,关陇氐、羌,莫不降附。前凉张茂亦遣使贡献。

经济

汉赵国通过各种手段控制了大批的劳动力,统治者可能将大量荒地及无主之地分配给从事农业的流民,定期征收赋役。刘曜即位后,还采取了一些促进农业生产发展的措施,如减免百姓租税之半等。汉赵国还设置了大司农、都水使者等农官;前者主要“掌诸钱谷金帛诸货币”,后者“主陂池灌溉,保守河渠”。[69]

在汉赵社会中,从事农业、手工业、牧业生产的还有奴隶。奴隶的来源主要是战俘,其次是犯罪的官吏。国内还有大量从事游牧及畜牧业的“六夷”部落。随着归降及征服的“六夷”部落日益增多,设单于台对其进行管理。[70]

总之,汉赵国在经济制度等方面基本上承袭了汉魏以来内地的封建制度;其国内社会经济主要是农业,其次是畜牧业;其生产方式,沿袭了汉魏以来的生产方式。

军事

兵力

赵国刘曜全盛时期,有兵力二十八万五千人,在他出兵时,史称“临河列阵,百余里中,钟鼓之声沸河动地,自古军旅之盛未有斯比”。[38]

社会

户口

汉赵在刘聪嘉平四年,平阳、河东等地户口达六十三万户,人口大约有三四百万人以上。[69]

国号说明

(一)刘渊以汉朝宗室刘氏后裔自居,自称汉王,并立意像汉朝一样统一天下,故以“汉”为国号。[71] 以其姓刘,史称刘汉;又统治地区位于中原北方,故称北汉(易与五代十国时期的北汉混淆,而很少使用);又统治者为匈奴人,别称匈奴汉国。

(二)汉主刘曜以其发迹之地为战国时赵国故地,改国号为赵。为别于石勒的后赵,故史称前赵或汉赵。[73]

319年赵国分裂为二赵:关中的刘氏“赵帝”和关东的石氏“赵王”两个独立政权。史家为加以区分,将关中的刘氏赵国连同刘渊所建的汉国,即将稍前的(屠各)刘姓政权统称为前赵,而将随后的石姓赵国称为后赵。

灭亡原因

前、后赵两个政权虽然均顺应历史发展潮流,相应进行一些改革,但后赵的改革较为全面和彻底,这是后赵灭亡前赵的根本原因。[82]

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