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刘渊,字元海,出身匈奴虚连题氏(一译挛鞮氏15

)。他的远祖是汉初的冒顿单于。冒顿单于娶汉高帝刘邦的宗女为妻,并与刘邦约为兄弟,故其子孙遂以刘氏为其汉姓。刘渊所属的屠各种,是东汉时建庭于左国城(今山西离石东北65

)的南匈奴的一支。他的祖父挛鞮於夫罗,在汉末自立为南匈奴单于;其父刘豹,在曹操分南匈奴为五部时,被任为左部帅。左部有众万余落,居于太原兹氏县(今山西汾阳东南),是当时左右南北中五部最大的一部。五部虽在形式上保留了匈奴的部族组织,实际上却被中原王朝严密控制。

兼习文武

刘渊的母亲呼延氏也是匈奴人,大约在曹魏嘉平四年(252年)或嘉平五年(253年)生下刘渊7

。刘渊自幼就十分聪慧伶俐。呼延氏去世时,他年仅七岁,就像大人一样号哭不绝,哀感四邻。宗族部落的人都为之赞叹。当时的司空王昶听到此事,也派人送来办丧事用的财物,以褒奖刘渊的孝道。17

刘渊所在的匈奴部落,因久在汉地,汉化程度较高,故刘渊自幼就拜上党士人崔游为师,学习《毛诗》《京氏易》《马氏尚书》等儒家经典。他特别喜欢读《春秋左氏传》和《孙吴兵法》,并大体上可以将这些书籍的内容背诵出来。刘渊很是勤勉好学,除学习上述典籍外,还能博览《史记》《汉书》及诸子百家的学说。他曾对同学朱纪、范隆说:“每当我读《汉书》列传时,常常鄙视随何、陆贾没有武功,周勃、灌婴缺乏文治。承上启下,开创大业,全在于人。做不到博学广识,是君子的耻辱。随何、陆贾在汉高帝开国之世而不能建军功封侯,周勃、灌婴辅佐汉文帝却不能设学立教,真是可惜啊!”于是他又学习武事,并且武艺超众,擅长射箭,体力过人。

成年后的刘渊,身高八尺四寸,胡须三尺余长,体态魁伟,一表人才。屯留人崔懿之、襄陵人公师彧以善于相面着称,据说他们在见到刘渊后,大惊失色说:“此人形貌非凡,平生头一次看见。”于是对刘渊非常崇敬,甘居其下与之交结。出身太原王氏的王浑也虚襟与刘渊交友,命其子王济拜见刘渊。18

留质洛阳

曹魏咸熙年间(264年-265年),刘渊作为匈奴任子居住在洛阳。关于他在洛阳时的经历,多有神奇之处。据《晋书·刘元海载记》记述,刘渊刚到洛阳,便受到掌握曹魏政权的权臣司马昭的礼遇。等到西晋建立后,时为越骑校尉的王浑屡次向晋武帝司马炎谈起刘渊。武帝遂召见刘渊,与之交谈后,非常高兴,对王济说:“刘渊仪表堂堂,即使是由余、金日磾也无法与之相比!”王济回答说:“刘渊的仪表,诚如圣上所言,但他的文武才干却远在由余、金日磾之上。陛下如果用他负责对东吴征伐,平定江南,指日可待。”武帝深以为然。但孔恂、杨珧却进言道:“臣下观察刘渊的才能,感到当今之世恐怕无人与之匹敌。陛下如果让他掌握少量兵马,则平吴事难成;若授以威权,则平吴之后,恐怕他将据有江南,不复称臣。与我族类不同者,其心必然不同。以刘渊统帅其部族,臣下尚且为陛下担忧寒心。如果以有天险为凭依的江南资助刘渊,怎么可以呢!”武帝听后,默然不语,此议遂作罢。19

本小章还未完,请点击下一页继续阅读后面精彩内容!咸宁(275年-280年)年间,关陇地区爆发了秃发树机能起义,晋廷屡次镇压均告失败。为扑灭起义,武帝决定选拔能够胜任的将帅出征。尚书仆射、上党人李憙劝武帝说:“陛下如果能够征发匈奴五部的兵力,授给刘渊一个将军名号,令其西征平叛,凉州指日可定。”孔恂说:“李公的话,并未点破消除危患的道理。”李憙勃然大怒说:“以匈奴的强悍善战,刘渊的通晓用兵,再加上奉宣圣威,消除叛乱,还有什么可说的呢!”孔恂说:“刘渊如果能够平定凉州,斩树机能,恐怕凉州才真正有危难了。那时蛟龙如得云雨,将遨游长空,不再是池中之物。”武帝认为孔恂言之有理,未采纳李憙的建议。

刘渊两次仕进受阻,深为沮丧。后来东莱游侠王弥离洛回乡,刘渊在九曲之滨与王弥饯行,哭泣说:“王浑、李憙与我同乡,对我的为人深知熟知,常向皇帝称赞推荐,离间的谗言因此随之而生。这一切本不是我之所愿,却深受其害。我并不想为官仕进,这一点只有你清楚。恐怕今生只能死在洛阳,与你永别了。”说罢慷慨长叹,歔欷不已,纵酒长啸,声调激昂,在座者无不为之凄然泪下。当时,齐王司马攸也在九曲,闻讯后驰马探视究竟。见此状,遂向武帝进言:“陛下不除掉刘渊,臣惟恐并州不得长久安宁。”王浑劝谏道:“刘渊为人忠信,臣下愿为他担保。再则大晋刚刚宜称要以德招抚四方,殊俗共存,为什么要以没有根据的怀疑而杀匈奴的侍子,以示晋德不弘呢?”武帝说:“王浑的话是对的。”便没有听从司马攸的建议。

崛起乱局

咸宁五年(279年),刘豹去世21

,武帝命刘渊接任左部帅。刘渊得以摆脱任质生涯,回到了并州。他在辖区施展政治才能,“明刑法,禁奸邪,轻财好施,推诚接物”,使得匈奴“五部俊杰无不至者”,甚至吸引了远在幽冀一带的名儒俊杰前来。这为他以后成为匈奴族的主要首领打下了坚实的基础。

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