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张轨(公元254年~公元314年),字士彦,安定郡乌氏县(今甘肃省平凉市)人,西汉赵景王张耳之后,前凉开国君主(公元301年~公元314年)。22

张轨出身凉州士族安定张氏,自幼聪明好学,文雅端庄,深通儒术,深得中书监张华赏识。初授太子舍人,迁散骑常侍、征西军司。趁着八王之乱,割据凉州,平定张镇内乱,收容各地流民,拥戴晋愍帝司马邺,抵抗汉赵军队,翼护西晋皇室,封爵西平郡公。

建兴二年(公元314年),张轨去世,享年六十岁,追赠凉州牧、侍中、太尉,谥号武穆,葬于建陵,曾孙张祚即位,追谥武王,庙号太祖。

人物生平

世举孝廉

张轨,字士彦,安定乌氏人,是西汉常山景王张耳的第十七代孙。家族世代举孝廉,以专攻儒学着名。张轨的祖父张烈为曹魏外黄县令,父亲张温为太官令1

,母亲为陇西辛氏。2

张轨年少聪明好学,很有才能声望,姿态仪表文雅端庄,与同郡人皇甫谧关系很好,隐居在宜阳郡女几山。西晋泰始初年(公元265年),继承叔父恩荫的五品官。曾与中书监张华谈论经义以及政事利弊,深得器重他,认为安定郡的中正压制人才,对张轨言谈为人大为赞美,觉得他就是在二品等级里也是很优秀的。卫将军杨珧征召任用他为属官,授职为太子舍人,累次升任至散骑常侍、征西军司。3

河西霸主

张轨因为时世多灾难,便暗自图谋占据河西之地,为此占卜预测吉凶,得到六十四卦中的泰卦与观卦相遇合,便扔掉蓍草大喜道:“这是霸者之吉兆啊。”于是请求朝廷让他担任凉州刺史。公卿大臣们也推举张轨,认为其才干足能统辖远方。

永宁初年(公元301年),张轨出任护羌校尉、凉州刺史。当时鲜卑族反叛,盗匪纵横州里,抢劫财物,张轨到任后,立即予以讨伐,剿灭盗匪,斩首一万余人,于是张轨威名大显凉州,教化施行于河西。张轨以宋配、阴充、泛瑗、阴澹为左右得力谋士,征召九郡贵族子弟五百人,建立学校,开始设置崇文祭酒,其地位和别驾一样,春秋两季实行以射选士的礼仪。秘书监缪世征、少府挚虞夜里观测星象,聚在一起说:“天下将乱,避难之所唯有凉州而已。凉州张刺史德行气量不凡,莫非应在此人身上!”

太安三年(公元304年),河间王司马颙、成都王司马颖叛乱,张轨派兵三千,东奔京师保卫天子。4

永兴年间(公元304年―公元305年),鲜卑贵族若罗拔能反叛骚乱,张轨派司马宋配征讨叛敌,斩杀若罗拔能,俘虏十余万人,张轨威名大震。晋惠帝派遣使者任命张轨为安西将军,并封为安乐乡侯,食邑一千户。于是大规模修建姑臧城。姑臧城本是匈奴人所建,南北长七里,东西长三里,地势有龙的形状,所以又称卧龙城。当初,汉末博士、敦煌人侯瑾对他的门徒说:“日后城西边的泉水会枯竭,将有双座楼台立于泉水潭上,与城东门相望,其中定有霸者出现。”到曹魏嘉平年间(公元249年―公元254年),郡里长官果然建造学馆,在城西泉水潭上筑起两座楼台,与城东门正好相遥望。至此时,张氏便成为河西霸主。

朝廷信任

永嘉初年(公元307年),东羌校尉韩稚诛杀秦州刺史张辅,张轨属下少府司马杨胤向张轨进言说:“今日韩稚违抗上命,擅自诛杀张辅,明公手握重兵镇守一方,应惩罚那些不法之徒,这也是《春秋》倡导的大义,春秋诸侯之间互相残杀互相吞并,齐桓公不能救助,则齐桓公以此为耻。”张轨听从他的建议,派中督护泛瑗率领二万兵马讨伐韩稚,先派人给韩稚送去一封信说:“当今朝廷纲纪混乱不堪,各方诸侯应并力勤王。适才得到雍州文书,说你兴兵内讧。鄙人督察经略一方,义在讨伐叛乱之徒,将士三万,络绎进发,朋友故旧受害之痛,心中怎可言状!古人作战,以保全国家为上,你若单人匹马来军门谢罪,你我尚可共事平定世难。”韩稚得到书信后向张轨投降。张轨派主簿令狐亚聘问南阳王司马模,司马模十分高兴,将天子赐剑送给张轨,对张轨说:“自陇地以西,一切军政大事皆委托于你,此剑如同权杖。”6

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