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第611章 晋4(1 / 2)

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历史评价

两晋

裴秀:“中抚军(司马炎)人望既茂,天表如此,固非人臣之相也。”27

何曾:

①中抚军聪明神武,有超世之才。发委地,手过膝,此非人臣之相也。43

②国家应天受禅,创业垂统。吾每宴见,未尝闻经国远图,惟说平生常事,非贻厥孙谋之兆也。及身而已,后嗣其殆乎!37

刘毅:“桓灵卖官,钱入官库;陛下卖官,钱入私门。以此言之,殆不如也。”38

邹湛:“世谈以陛下比汉文帝,人心犹不多同。昔冯唐答文帝,云不能用颇牧而文帝怒,今刘毅言犯顺而陛下欢。然以此相校,圣德乃过之矣。”148

陆云:“世祖武皇帝临朝拱默,训世以俭,即位二十有六载,宫室台榭无所新营,屡发明诏,厚戒丰奢。”39

曹毗:“于穆武皇,允龚钦明。应期登禅,龙飞紫庭。百揆时序,听断以情。殊域既宾,伪吴亦平。晨流甘露,宵映朗星。野有击壤,路垂颂声。”40

干宝:“至于世祖,遂享皇极,仁以厚下,俭以足用,和而不弛,宽而能断,掩唐、虞之旧域,班正朔于八荒,于时有‘天下无穷人’之谚,虽太平未洽,亦足以明民乐其生矣。武皇既崩,山陵未干而变难继起。宗子无维城之助,师尹无具瞻之贵,朝为伊、周,夕成桀、跖;国政迭移于乱人,禁兵外散于四方,方岳无钧石之镇,关门无结草之固。戎、羯称制,二帝失尊,何哉?树立失权,托付非才,四维不张,而苟且之政多也。”

习凿齿:“至于武皇,遂并强吴,混一宇宙,乂清四海,同轨二汉。除三国之大害,静汉末之交争,开九域之蒙晦,定千载之盛功者,皆司马氏也。”126

南北朝

谢灵运:“世祖受命,祯祥屡臻,苛慝不作,万国欣戴。远至迩安,德足以彰,天启其运,民乐其功矣。反古之道,当以美事为先。今五等罔刑,井田王制,凡诸礼律,未能定正,而采择嫔媛,不拘华门者。昔武王伐纣,归倾宫之女,不以助纣为虐。而世祖平皓,纳吴妓五千,是同皓之弊。妇人之封,六国乱政。如追赠外曾祖母,违古之道。凡此非事,并见前书,诚有点于徽猷,史氏所不敢蔽也。”

唐宋

房玄龄等在《晋书·武帝纪》中作总评道:“帝宇量弘厚,造次必于仁恕;容纳谠正,未尝失色于人;明达善谋,能断大事,故得抚宁万国,绥静四方。承魏氏奢侈革弊之后,百姓思古之遗风,乃厉以恭俭,敦以寡欲。……临朝宽裕,法度有恒。……平吴之后,天下乂安,遂怠于政术,耽于游宴,宠爱后党,亲贵当权,旧臣不得专任,彝章紊废,请谒行矣。爰至未年,知惠帝弗克负荷,然恃皇孙聪睿,故无废立之心。复虑非贾后所生,终致危败,遂与腹心共图后事。说者纷然,久而不定,竟用王佑之谋,遣太子母弟秦王柬都督关中,楚王玮、淮南王允并镇守要害,以强帝室。又恐杨氏之逼,复以佑为北军中候,以典禁兵。既而寝疾弥留,至于大渐,佐命元勋,皆已先没,群臣惶惑,计无所从。会帝小差,有诏以汝南王亮辅政,又欲令朝士之有名望年少者数人佐之,杨骏秘而不宣。帝复寻至迷乱,杨后辄为诏以骏辅政,促亮进发。帝寻小间,问汝南王来未,意欲见之,有所付托。左右答言未至,帝遂困笃。中朝之乱,实始于斯矣。”

李世民在《晋书·武帝纪》中以“制”的形式评论道:“武皇承基,诞膺天命,握图御宇,敷化导民,以佚代劳。以治易乱。绝缣绝之贡,去雕琢之饰,制奢俗以变俭约,止浇风而反淳朴。雅好直言,留心采擢,刘毅、裴楷以质直见容,嵇绍、许奇虽仇雠不弃。仁以御物,宽而得众,宏略大度,有帝王之量焉。于是民和俗静,家给人足,聿修武用,思启封疆。决神算于深衷,断雄图于议表。马隆西伐,王濬南征,师不延时,獯虏削迹,兵无血刃,扬越为墟。通上代之不通,服前王之未服。祯祥显应,风教肃清,天人之功成矣,霸王之业大矣。虽登封之礼,让而不为,骄泰之心,因斯而起。见土地之广,谓万弃而无虞;睹天下之安,谓千年而永治。不知处广以思狭,则广可长广;居治而忘危,则治无常治。加之建立非所,委寄失才,志欲就于升平,行先迎于祸乱。是犹将适越者指沙漠以遵途,欲登山者涉舟航而觅路,所趣逾远,所尚转难,南北倍殊,高下相反,求其至也,不亦难乎!况以新集易动之基,而久安难拔之虑,故贾充凶竖,怀奸志以拥权;杨骏豺狼,苞祸心以专辅。及乎宫车晚出,谅闇未周,藩翰变亲以成疏,连兵竞灭其本;栋梁回忠而起伪,拥众各举其威。曾未数年,网纪大乱,海内版荡,宗庙播迁。帝道王猷,反居文身之俗;神州赤县,翻成被发之乡。弃所大以资人,掩其小而自托,为天下笑,其故何哉?良由失慎于前,所以贻患于后。且知子者贤父,知臣者明君;子不肖则家亡,臣不忠则国乱;国乱不可以安也,家亡不可以全也。是以君子防其始,圣人闲其端。而世祖惑荀勖之奸谋,迷王浑之伪策,心屡移于众口,事不定于己图。元海当除而不除,卒令扰乱区夏;惠帝可废而不废,终使倾覆洪基。夫全一人者德之轻,拯天下者功之重,弃一子者忍之小,安社稷者孝之大;况乎资三世而成业,延二孽以丧之,所谓取轻德而舍重功,畏小忍而忘大孝。圣贤之道,岂若斯乎!虽则善始于初,而乖令终于末,所以殷勤史策,不能无慷慨焉。”43

本小章还未完,请点击下一页继续阅读后面精彩内容!在唐初“公子”(被多数史学家认为是李世民)与虞世南的问答中,“公子”问:“武帝克平江表,混一宇内,可谓晋之明主乎?”虞世南答道:“晋武帝平一天下,谁曰不然,至于创业垂统,其道则阙矣。夫帝王者,必立德立功,可大可久,经之以仁义,纬之以文武,深根固蒂,贻厥子孙,一言一行,以为轨范,垂之万代,为不可易。武帝平吴之後,怠于政事,蔽惑邪佞,留心内宠,用冯紞之谗言,拒和峤之正谏,智士永叹,有识寒心。以此国风,传之庸子,遂使坟土未乾,四海鼎沸,衣冠殄灭,县宇星分,何曾之言,于是信矣。其去明主,不亦远乎?”80

徐惠:“昔秦皇并吞六国,反速危亡之基;晋武奄有三方,翻成覆败之业。岂非矜功恃大,弃德而轻邦;图利忘害,肆情而纵欲?遂使悠悠六合,虽广不救其亡;嗷嗷黎庶,因弊以成其祸。”78

刘仁轨:“晋代平吴,史籍具载。内有武帝、张华,外有羊祜、杜预,筹谋策画,经纬谘询。王濬之徒,折冲万里,楼船战舰,已到石头。贾充、王浑之辈,犹欲斩张华以谢天下。武帝报云:‘平吴之计,出自朕意,张华同朕见耳,非其本心。’是非不同,乖乱如此。平吴之后,犹欲苦绳王濬,赖武帝拥护,始得保全。不逢武帝圣明,王濬不存首领。”44

沈佺期:“汉文宜惜露台费,晋武须焚前殿裘。”

高适:“晋武轻后事,惠皇终已昏。”164

周昙:“汉贪金帛鬻公卿,财赡羸军冀国宁。 晋武鬻官私室富,是知犹不及桓灵。”51

司马光《资治通鉴》:

①至于晋武独以天性矫而行之,可谓不世之贤君。45

②帝宇量弘厚,明达好谋,容纳直言,未尝失色于人。79

苏辙:“武帝之为人,好善而不择人,苟安而无远虑,虽贤人满朝,而贾充、荀勖之流以为腹心,使吴尚在,相持而不敢肆,虽为贤君可也。吴亡之后,荒于女色,蔽于庸子,疏贤臣,近小人,去武备,崇藩国,所以兆亡国之祸者,不可胜数,此则灭吴之所从致也。”77

邓林:“秋风铜爵曲池平,吴主宫娃满掖庭。凭仗皇孙聪慧早,不知祸在夕阳亭。”50

陈普:“宫中掷戟又飞刀,谢玖兢兢命若毛。 岂是君王轻社稷,天教炽业谢芳髦。”49

胡三省:“(就司马炎优容王濬一事评论道)晋武之量,弘于隋文(杨坚)。”120

明清

孙承恩:“帝资弘裕,明达好谋。纂述先志,混一九州。礼优三恪,忠厚之道。贻谋弗臧,识者所少。”72

张居正:“(就‘焚裘示俭’之事评论)盖人主之好尚,乃天下观法所系,不可不慎也。晋武禅位之初,承魏氏奢侈之后,欲矫以节俭,故不焚于他所,而焚于殿前,要令众庶共见之耳。然其意不出于至诚,故未久即变,孽后乱政,五王僭侈,而晋室南迁矣。”86

王夫之《读通鉴论》:

①魏削宗室而权臣篡,晋封同姓而骨肉残,故法者非所以守天下也;而怀、愍陷没,琅邪复立国于江东者几百年,则晋为愈矣。……晋武之不终也,惠帝之不慧也,怀、愍之不足以图存,元帝之不可大有为也;然其后王敦、苏峻、桓温相踵以谋逆,桓玄且移天步以自踞,然而迟之又久,非安帝之不知饥饱,而刘裕功勋赫奕,莫能夺也。

②晋武之初立,正郊庙,行通丧,封宗室,罢禁锢,立谏官,征废逸,禁谶纬,增吏俸,崇宽弘雅正之治术,故民藉以安;内乱外逼,国已糜烂,而人心犹系之。然其所用者,贾充、任恺、冯勖、荀紞、何曾、石苞、王恺、石崇、潘岳之流,皆寡廉鲜耻贪冒骄奢之鄙夫;即以张华、陆机铮铮自见,而与邪波流,陷于乱贼而愍不畏死;虽有二傅、和峤之亢直,而不敌群小之翕訿;是以强宗妒后互乱,而氏、羯乘之以猖狂。小人浊乱,国无与立,非但王衍辈清谈误之也。73

③晋诏诸王大国置三军,次国二军,小国一军,……惩魏之亏替宗室,而使权臣乘之耳。乃魏之削诸侯者,疑同姓也;晋之授兵宗室以制天下者,疑天下也。疑同姓而天下乘之,疑天下而同姓乘之,力防其所疑,而祸发于所不疑,其得祸也异,而受祸于疑则同也。73

李慈铭:“晋武帝纯孝性成,三代以下不多得。”76

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