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第504章 汉9(2 / 2)

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这章没有结束,请点击下一页继续阅读!史书《罪己诏》记载:「朕自即位以来,所为狂悖,使天下愁苦,不可追悔。自今事有伤害百姓、靡费天下者,悉罢之。」强调「当今务在禁苛暴,止擅赋,力本农。修马政复令以补缺,毋乏武备而已。」

公元前88年,汉武帝叫画工画了一张“周公背成王朝诸侯图”送给霍光,意思是让霍光辅佐他的小儿子刘弗陵作皇帝。子幼母壮,为了防止太子的年轻母亲钩弋夫人重演吕后称制的局面,汉武帝狠下心找借口处死了她。公元前87年二月丁卯,汉武帝驾崩于五柞宫,享年七十岁。三月甲申葬于茂陵。

轮台罪己诏,晚年丧子和军事上的失利,使武帝在精神和思想上受到了严重的打击。征和四年(公元前89年),他对大臣们说:我即位以来,办了很多错事,使天下百姓愁苦,现在后悔也来不及了。今后凡是伤害百姓,浪费财物的事情,一律停办。丞相田千秋建议:很多文士都谈论神仙,但都没有成效,应当罢斥。武帝听后说:我从前太愚蠢,受了方士的欺骗。其实天下哪有什么仙人,全是方士们妖言惑众。注意饮食和服药,就可以减少疾病了。于是,便将方士全部遣散。

正当武帝为自己从前的所作所为深感后悔之时,搜粟校尉桑弘羊等人上书,请求派遣兵卒在轮台(今新疆轮台县东南)屯田,并严敕边郡太守、都尉,加强对边防烽火的管理,选拔战士,积蓄粮草。这个建议虽然有益于巩固边防,武帝却没有同意。他针对桑弘羊等人的上书,颁布了一道诏书,这就是着名的轮台罪己诏.武帝在诏书中说:曩者,朕之不明,……兴师遣贰师将军(即李广利),……贰师败,军士死略离散,悲痛常在朕心。而击车师时,……发兵,凡数万人。……汉军破城,食至多,然士自载不足以竟师,强者尽食畜产,赢者道死数千人。

诏书接着说:前有司奏,欲益民赋三十助边,是重困老弱孤独也。而今又请遣卒田轮台,轮台西于车师千余里……今请远田轮台,欲起亭隧,是扰劳天下,非所以优民也。今朕不忍闻。武帝还特别强调指出,当今务在禁苛暴,止擅赋,力本农.至于修马复令,只是用以补缺,毋乏武备而已。

颁布轮台罪已诏,是汉武帝统治政策的重大变化。它表明汉武帝已决心不再主动对匈奴用兵,而要注重发展农业,提倡农耕以恢复生产。为实现这一政策,汉武帝不但下令不复出军,而且还在征和四年封丞相田千秋为富民侯,以明休息,思富养民也。

同时,还任命赵过为搜粟校尉,推广代田法,并下诏重申:当今之务,在于力农。汉武帝一生致力于加强中央集权,建立了巩固统一的西汉帝国,奠定了中华民族辽阔疆域的基础。但与此同时,在他统治期间,穷奢极欲,繁刑重敛,内侈宫室,外事四夷,信惑神怪,巡游无度,使百姓疲敝,起为盗贼,按司马光的评价,其所以异于秦始皇者无几矣.而西汉王朝所以有亡秦之失而免亡秦之祸,同汉武帝晚而改过,有十分密切的关系。

汉武帝还没有来得及全面推行其与民休息的政策,便于后元二年(公元前87年)去世了。其后继者昭帝和宣帝坚持执行武帝晚年制定的与民休息的政策,因而在西汉中期出现了被后世称颂的昭宣中兴局面。

刘彻不但是一位雄才大略的政治家,也是一位爱好文学、提倡辞赋的诗人。明人王世贞以为,其成就在“长卿下、子云上”(《艺苑卮盐》)其他存留的诗作,《瓠子歌》、《天马歌》、《悼李夫人赋》也“壮丽鸿奇”(徐祯卿《谈艺录》),为诗论家所推崇。他的这首清丽隽永,笔调流畅的《秋风辞》,历来为人们所称道。此诗虽是即兴之作,一波三折,抒写得曲折缠绵。沈德潜《古诗源》卷二:“《离骚》遗响。文中子谓乐极哀来,其悔心之萌乎?”以“《离骚》遗响”观之,乃就文辞而言,沈德潜的评价非常切实。鲁迅称此诗“缠绵流丽,虽词人不能过也。”

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