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第451章 赵世家8(1 / 2)

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赵武灵王四年(公元前322年),赵雍与韩宣王在区鼠相会。第二年(公元前321年),他迎娶韩国王室的女子为夫人。[]赵雍即位之初,赵国屡次败于齐、秦之手,损失惨重。赵武灵王元年(公元前325年),就在赵雍即位的第二年,赵将赵护被魏国击败,韩举被齐国在平邑击败,韩举被俘(一说被杀),平邑、新城被攻占[]。

赵武灵王八年(公元前318年),赵国参与的五国合纵伐秦活动失败,三晋联军攻至函谷关外,被秦军击退,随后秦军在庶长樗里疾的率领下出函谷关长驱直入,于次年(公元前317年)大败三晋联军于韩国的修鱼(今河南原阳西南),联军被斩首八万余级,赵公子渴参与此役[]。同年,齐国乘赵、魏为秦大败之时,于观泽败赵、魏军[]。赵武灵王十年(公元前316年),赵国的中都和西阳被秦国攻占。赵武灵王十一年(公元前315年),一作赵武灵王十三年(公元前313年),秦将樗里疾攻占蔺地,俘虏赵将赵庄(一作“将军英”[]“赵将泥”[]“庄豹”[])。赵武灵王十四年(公元前312年),赵将赵何攻魏。[][][]与此同时,赵雍利用燕、秦两国局势动荡的机会,积极干涉两国的内政。

赵武灵王十一年(公元前315年),燕国相国子之掌权三年,燕太子平、将军市被企图联系齐宣王攻子之,齐宣王同意。于是,太子平与市被攻击子之,不胜。后拥戴子之的百姓发起反攻,太子平、市被战死。赵雍闻讯,派人迎立在韩国的燕国质子公子职。齐将匡章引军入燕,齐军杀死了子之和燕王哙。齐军获胜后,并无撤回之意,且大肆掳掠,引起燕人的极大不满[]。

齐国攻燕,使赵雍送公子职为燕王的计划受阻,因而他派赵庄负责图谋合纵伐齐,以保存燕国。同时采纳乐毅的建议,以河东地向齐国交换燕地,激起楚、魏等国对齐的憎恨,两国分别派出负责外交的召滑、惠施出使赵国,请求“伐齐而存燕”[]。自此,三国合纵达成。为配合这一行动,赵雍派乐池护送公子职回燕,遥立为王(即燕昭王)[]。此时,在内外压力下,齐宣王被迫从燕国撤兵,由此使燕国得以保存。[

]赵武灵王十九年(公元前307年),秦武王在洛阳举鼎绝膑而死。秦武王无子,故赵雍在他死后,派代相赵固到燕国迎接秦公子嬴稷回秦。最后嬴稷被立为秦王,即秦昭襄王。[]为改变赵国东西临敌的不利局面,赵雍在推行胡服骑射而攻取中山时,决定采用“结秦连宋之交”的策略。赵惠文王元年(公元前298年),当孟尝君田文入秦以后,赵雍派大臣金投入秦,请秦昭襄王免除孟尝君的相职,而代以赵国大臣楼缓,同时派仇赫入宋国为相。

楼缓曾赞助推行胡服而略取中山的措施,主张赵联合秦、楚。而宋康王为了对抗齐的兼并,正很需要秦、赵两大国的帮助。秦国为了打败齐、韩、魏三国的合纵攻势,也需要赵、宋两国在东方对齐的牵制,因而秦、赵、宋和齐、韩、魏对峙的局势就形成了。正如时人对周最所说:“仇赫之相宋,将以观秦之应赵、宋,败三国(齐、韩、魏)。”[

]赵惠文王四年(公元前295年),赵国感到联合秦国对赵不利,再派仇赫到秦,请秦昭襄王罢去楼缓相位,改以魏冉为秦相[]。[]总的来说,赵雍这时采取联秦抗齐的策略,目的在于防止齐、秦联合而对赵不利,这样可以维持齐、秦对峙战斗的局势,使两国都疲于战斗,无力干预赵攻灭中山的战事。实际上,赵雍巧妙利用了齐、秦斗争的局势,顺利推动了灭亡中山和攻略胡地,进一步推行胡服骑射的步伐,这为赵国的壮大创造了较好的外部环境。[

]胡服骑射

赵国东北同东胡相接,北面同匈奴相邻,西北又同林胡和楼烦接壤。这些游牧部族经常以骑兵侵扰赵国,破坏赵国边地的农业生产和人民生活。为加强边防,赵武灵王十九年(公元前307年),赵雍实行军事改革,命令军队采用胡人服饰,改穿短装,束皮带,用带钩,戴着插有貂尾或鸟羽的武冠,穿皮靴,藉以发展骑兵,训练在马上射箭的作战技术。虽然这场改革侧重于军事方面,实际上就是政治改革的进一步深入。

这时肥义等大臣是改革的支持者,贵族公子成、赵文、赵燕、赵造等人是反对者:公子成认为不该“袭远方之服,变古之教”;赵文认为“衣服有常,礼之制也”;赵造认为“圣人不易民而教,智者不变俗而动”。赵雍驳斥了这些谬论,提出:“理世不必一道,便国不必法古”,“以古制今者,不达于事之变”。后来赵国在攻取原阳(今内蒙古呼和浩特东)之后,把它改为“骑邑”,用来训练骑兵,大臣牛赞又出来反对,声称“国有固籍,兵有常经。变籍则乱,失经则弱”。

小主,这个章节后面还有哦,请点击下一页继续阅读,后面更精彩!赵雍当即加以驳斥,认为“古今异利,远近异用”,“今重甲修兵不可以逾险,仁义道德不可以来朝”。[]赵雍推行胡服是逐步推广的,先是以身作则,推广于家族中和朝廷上,再推广到官府中和军队中。他严厉驳斥了贵族中原有守旧的思想,从而提倡革新进取的政策。胡服是胡人便于骑射的服装,推行胡服是为了学习胡人骑射的战斗技术,从而增强赵国的兵力。

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