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第六百四十六章 宋朝的航海水平(2 / 2)

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宋太祖开宝四年(公元971年),在广州设市舶司,后在杭州也设市舶司,广州、杭州二市舶司掌管岭南及两浙路各港对外航海贸易收税等事务。后又在明州设司,广州、杭州、明州合称“三司”,以后又在泉州和密州板桥镇(山东胶县境)设二市舶司。

宋代市舶司类似近代海关,商船出海必先呈报市舶司领取公凭才能启行。外国商船到达我国港口必先报告市舶司,由它派人上船检查,征收其货物的1/10作为进口税收(叫“抽分”)。抽取的货物解送京城上交国库叫“抽解”,“抽解”是政(蟹)府的重要财政税收。规定十种货物为禁榷物,即玳瑁、象牙、犀角、宾铁、皮、珊瑚、玛瑙、乳香、紫矿、鍮〔tōu偷,即黄铜〕石。全部由市舶机构收购,其他货物也收买一部分,总称为“博买”。抽分是实物税收,博买是带有强制性限价收购的一种变相市舶税。抽解和博买来的货物一律送交中央政(蟹)府。南宋政(蟹)府鼓励富豪打造海船,购置货物到海外经商。并制订有关奖惩制度,能招徕外商的升官,影响海外贸易的降职。

由于海外贸易的推动和航海技术的进步,进入宋代,我国的造船业又进入一个高峰阶段。有了新的发展。宋代很多地方设立了造船场、造船坊,特别是东南沿海的广州、泉州、明州、温州以及杭州等地都形成了制造海船的重要基地,不但有官方的造船场,也有很多民间的造船场。大海船中也有很多民船。战船中也有很多是征发民船而来的。宋代的造船、修船已经开始使用船坞,并创造运用了滑道下水的方法。

宋代舟船的制造不但数量多,而且质量高,这又推动着航海事业的发展。宋的造船业比以前更具有特色:船体更巍峨高大,结构更坚固合理,行船工具更趋完善,装修更为华美,特别是开始使用指南针进行导航,开辟了航海史的新时期。宋船头小,尖底呈V字形,便于破浪前进。身扁宽,体高大,吃水深,受到横向狂风袭击仍很稳定,同时,结构坚固,船体有密封隔舱,加强了安全性。底板和舷侧板分别采用两重或三重大板结构,船上多樯多帆,便于使用多面风。大船上又都设有小船,遇到紧急情况可以救生、抢险。每只船上都有大小两个锚。行船中也有探水设备。这些极适合于远洋航行。

宋代所造一般的海舶叫“客舟”,“长十余丈,深三丈,阔二丈五尺,可载二千斛粟”,“每舟篙师水手可六十人”。内部有独特的水密舱构造。客舟分三个舱:前一舱底作为炉灶与安放水柜之用。中舱分为四室。后舱高一丈余,四壁有窗户。“上施栏楯〔shǔn吮〕(即栏杆),采绘华焕而用帘幕增饰,使者官属各以阶序分居之。上有竹篷,平日积叠,遇雨则铺盖周密。”(《宣和奉使高丽图经》)

“神舟”就比“客舟”更大得多了。宋神宗元丰元年(公元1078年)派使臣安焘、陈睦往聘高丽,曾命人在明州建两艘大海舶,第一艘赐名“凌虚致远安济神舟”,第二艘赐名“灵飞顺济神舟”,自浙江定海出洋到达高丽,高丽人民从没见过这样的神舟,“欢呼出迎”。

听完林灵素的介绍,张安安有点傻眼了,我嘞个去,宋朝的造船能力和水平已经到了这种地步了,已经完全有能力开启大航海时代了,以自己的水平已经没法再指点了!

本来张安安兴冲冲地将林灵素叫来,那是因为张安安记得某个小说中好像看到古代的船只都是平底的,很不利于航海,中国这才没有发展起来大航海,可是如今一了解,宋朝人民已经认识到了,已经有了尖底的海船了,而且还知道江、湖以平底船为主,海航以尖底船为主,那么以自己那点可怜的水平还怎么指点啊?

可是不指点的话也不行啊,自己今天把林灵素叫来就是说师祖今天决定指点一下小林子,现在满怀激动的林灵素还在眼巴巴地等着呢!

张安安开始顾左右而言他了,先是好好地夸奖了林灵素的科研和领导能力,三清院在林灵素的领导之下,取得了非凡的成就,这次千年约战之所以能如此成功,林灵素的特效组功不可没!

喜欢宋吹请大家收藏:宋吹本站更新速度全网最快。

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