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第七十八章 热气球还是能飞的(1 / 2)

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可问题又来了,有时候风大会把火吹灭,这也难不到众人,加个防风罩就是了。

最大的问题还是燃料的问题,当热气球刚要升空,众人就发现了燃料不够了,要是升到空中没了燃料怎么办?

于是有人提议用鱼膏替代猛火油。

猛火油就是石油,据《续资治通鉴长编》记载,宋开宝八年南唐主李煜面临宋军进攻金陵的危机,其神卫军都虞侯朱令赟用猛火油纵火攻宋军,由于风向改变,火焰反燃而己军大溃:“朱令赟自湖口以众援金陵,号十五万,缚木为筏,长百馀丈,战舰大者容千人,将断采石浮梁,会江水涸,战舰不能骤进。王明屯独树口,遣其子驰骑入奏,帝密遣使令明于洲浦间多立长木若帆樯之状以疑之。己未,全赟独乘大航,高十馀重,上建大将旗幡。至皖口,行营步军都指挥使刘遇挥兵急攻之,全赟以火油纵烧,遇军不能支。俄而北风,反焰自焚,其众不战自溃,全斌惶骇,赴火死。擒其战棹都虞侯王晖等,获兵仗数万。金陵独恃此援,由是孤城愈危蹙矣。”

对猛火油运用最为成熟的是宋朝。宋朝在京城设立了军器监,是专门制造武器的机构,下设十一作(即工场),其中就有猛火油一作。猛火油一般用于防御特别是守城战役中,《续资治通鉴》记载:“修楼橹,挂毡幕,安炮座,设弩床,运砖石,施燎炬,垂櫑木,备火油,凡防守之具毕备。”康誉之所着的《昨梦录》记载,北宋时期,西北边域“皆掘地做大池,纵横丈余,以蓄猛火油”,用来防御外族的侵扰。

鱼膏就是鲸油,《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载:始皇初即位,穿治郦山,及并天下,天下徒送诣七十馀万人,穿三泉,下铜而致椁,宫观百官奇器珍怪徙臧满之。以人鱼膏为烛,度不灭者久之。《太平御览·火部三·灯》引注《三秦记》云:“始皇墓中,燃鲸鱼膏为灯。”

民间所说的长明灯,使用的就是鲸油。据说一吨鲸油可以燃烧十四年之久。

可是为什么要用鲸油替代石油呢?明明现代都是使用石油,没人再使用鲸油了呀?

最早给石油以科学命名的是我国宋代着名科学家沈括(1031—1095年,浙江钱塘人)。他在百科全书《梦溪笔谈》中,把历史上沿用的石漆、石脂水、火油、猛火油等名称统一命名为石油,并对石油作了极为详细的论述。

可古代因为技术原因没有办法对石油进行加工提炼,而鲸油由于燃烧的火焰最为明亮稳定,欧洲在十六世纪之后,就普遍使用鲸油来照明。

人类发明内燃机后,对鲸油的需求达到了高峰,当时鲸油的价格可以跟黄金相媲美。丰厚的利润也促进了捕鲸业的进一步扩张,当时一艘捕鲸船就像是一个在大海上的工厂一样,把鲸鱼捕捞上船以后,有专门的工人会负责就地熬制鲸油,不然鲸鱼一旦腐败,那就失去了价值。

直到1859年人类就开凿了第一个现代油井,原来从地下就能提取燃料,到内乱1862年,光是美国滨州一年就生产了300万桶石油,而且能量密度远比鲸油更高。一瞬间鲸油的价格开始猛跌,捕鲸利润下降,捕鲸业才慢慢偃旗息鼓。着名小说《白鲸》就讲述了这段令人惊讶的捕鲸史。

而直到1853年波兰发明家Ignacy Lukasiewicz发明了煤油灯后,鲸油在逐渐被煤油所取代。

煤油需要对石油进行分馏后才能获得,所以在北宋时期,鲸油还是比石油更为耐烧。

高俅对热气球也是极为重视的,当工匠们提出要求后,高俅也是能一一满足。

到了这一步,其实热气球已经是能飞起来了,工匠们也是极为自豪,可是随后的实验却让铁柱等人再也笑不起来了。

热气球飞是能飞起来了,可是受风速、气流等影响,有几次那是直接从天下掉了下来,铁柱等人也是绞尽脑汁,用尽一切办法也没能解决。

要知道这个热气球到时候可是官家要坐的,如果从天上掉了来,那就不是死全家的问题了,是要诛九族的。

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