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第二百五十六章 秘闻(1 / 2)

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经过长期流传,元代白莲教的组织和教义都起了变化,戒律松懈,宗派林立。

一部分教派崇奉弥勒佛,宣扬“弥勒下生”这一本属弥勒净土法门的宗教谶言。有的教徒夜聚明散,集众滋事,间或武装反抗元廷统治。

至大元年,朝廷忌白莲教势力过大,下令禁止。仁宗即位后,曾恢复合法地位。但十年后英宗即位,活动又遭限制。因此,许多地方的白莲教组织对官府抱敌对态度。加之其信徒以下层群众居多,故当元末社会矛盾激化时,一些白莲教组织成为率先反元的力量。

红巾起义领导人韩山童、刘福通、徐寿辉、邹普胜等都是白莲教徒,他们以明王出世和弥勒下生的谶言鼓动群众,产生很大影响。

明初严禁白莲教。洪武、永乐年间,川鄂赣鲁等地多次发生白莲教徒武装暴动,有的还建号称帝,均被镇压。

明中叶以后,民间宗教名目繁多,有金禅、无为、龙华、悟空、还源、圆顿、弘阳、弥勒、净空、大成、三阳、混源、闻香、罗道等数十种,有的一教数名。它们各不相属,教义颇多歧异,组织、仪轨和活动方式也不尽相同,但或多或少地带有白莲教的印记。

统治者认为它们实际上仍是白莲教,民间也笼统地称为白莲教。

由于派系众多,信奉的神只极为繁杂,有天宫的玉皇、地狱的阎王、人间的圣贤等等;而最受崇奉的仍是弥勒佛。

从正德年间开始,出现了对无生老母的崇拜,又有“真空家乡,无生老母”所谓八字真言。

据称,无生老母是上天无生无灭的古佛,她要度化尘世的儿女返归天界,免遭劫难,这个天界便是真空家乡。

各教派撰有自己的经卷,称为宝卷,常对信徒宣讲。内容庞杂,但从中也可看到儒、释、道三家对它们的影响。

明代白莲教信徒众多,主要来自下层社会。各派内部实行家长制统治,尊卑有序,等级森严。

首领的成分十分复杂,对明廷的态度也很不一致。有的借兴教欺骗信徒,聚敛钱财;有的凭撰写经卷攀附上层,取悦朝廷;有的在宫廷太监、官僚豪门中发展信徒;有的则与下层群众反对官府的斗争相结合,发动武装起义。如永乐十八年唐赛儿起义和天启二年徐鸿儒起义皆是。

入清以后,白莲教又增加了许多支派,如老官斋、八卦教等,加上前代已有的支派,名目竟达百余种。与明代相比,教义更加芜杂,对无生老母的崇拜则有增无减。

乾隆后期到嘉庆年间是白莲教的极盛时期,不仅活跃于北方诸省,在东北和南方各省也广泛传播。直隶滦州石佛口王姓家族主持的大乘教在各教派中处于特殊地位,影响尤大,传播范围扩及长江中下游地区。

清初白莲教曾受反清复明思想影响,各派与清廷一般处于敌对状态。乾隆三十九年清水教徒王伦的起义,嘉庆元年收元教发动的鄂、豫、川、陕、甘五省农民起义,嘉庆十八年李文成等领导的天理教起义,都沉重打击了清朝的统治。

但是,就这些教派的教义而言,并不包含反封建的革命因素。道光以后直到近代,白莲教的活动并未消失,但其组织往往为反动阶级所利用。

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